Month: May 2017

The Wildly Fraudulent TOBS Temperature Adjustment

The Wildly Fraudulent TOBS Temperature Adjustment

via The Deplorable Climate Science Blog
http://ift.tt/2i1JH7O

NOAA massively tampers with US temperature data, to turn a 90 year cooling trend into a warming trend.

Their main excuse for doing this is Time of Observation Bias (TOBS.)

NOAA says that station operators in the past used to reset their min/max thermometers in the afternoon, and now they reset them in the morning. The theory being that resetting thermometers in the afternoon causes double counting of hot days, and resetting thermometers in the morning causes double counting of cold days. So NOAA cools the past and warms the present to compensate.

This is easy to test. I split the stations up into two groups – those that took readings in the morning during July, 1936 and those that took readings in the afternoon during July, 1936. I chose July 1936 because, it was an extremely hot month, which NOAA’s adjustments massively cool.

NOAA is correct that most stations took their readings in the afternoon during that month: 937 currently active USHCN stations were afternoon stations in 1936, and only 140 were morning stations. So lets see how the trends compare.

The two groups of stations show identical trends in temperature anomaly. The TOBS adjustment is fake.  There is no indication of double counting.

Additionally, the trends in the frequency of hot days are also identical for the two groups, but the morning stations tend to have more hot days. This is because people in warm climates tend to work earlier in the morning.

This is confirmed by looking at the latitude of the stations. Morning stations tend average about one degree further south than afternoon stations.

Station history was obtained from this archived NOAA link : USHCN ORNL/CDIAC-87 NDP-019

In order to test out double counting of hot days, I selected two adjacent stations in Missouri. Mexico, Missouri took their readings in the morning during July, 1936 and Warrenton, Missouri took their readings in the afternoon that month.

According to TOBS theory, we should see more 100 degree days in Warrenton than in Mexico, but we see the opposite.  Mexico, Missouri consistently shows more 100 degree days than Warrenton, though the patterns are nearly identical. There is no indication that TOBS theory has any basis in reality.

Morning station list :

FAIRHOPE 2 NE       	AL	USC00012813	
CHILDS              	AZ	USC00021614	
GRAND CANYON NP 2   	AZ	USC00023596	
LEES FERRY          	AZ	USC00024849	
MIAMI               	AZ	USC00025512	
SACATON             	AZ	USC00027370	
SAFFORD AGRICULTRL C	AZ	USC00027390	
YUMA CITRUS STN     	AZ	USC00029652	
GRAVETTE            	AR	USC00032930	
FAIRMONT            	CA	USC00042941	
HANFORD 1 S         	CA	USC00043747	
HEALDSBURG          	CA	USC00043875	
QUINCY              	CA	USC00047195	
SUSANVILLE 2SW      	CA	USC00048702	
TEJON RANCHO        	CA	USC00048839	
TUSTIN IRVINE RCH   	CA	USC00049087	
APALACHICOLA  AIRPOR	FL	USC00080211	
BARTOW 1SE          	FL	USC00080478	
BELLE GLADE         	FL	USC00080611	
FT LAUDERDALE       	FL	USC00083163	
MADISON             	FL	USC00085275	
PERRINE 4W          	FL	USC00087020	
TITUSVILLE          	FL	USC00088942	
HAWKINSVILLE        	GA	USC00094170	
QUITMAN 2 NW        	GA	USC00097276	
TIFTON              	GA	USC00098703	
ARROWROCK DAM       	ID	USC00100448	
CAMBRIDGE           	ID	USC00101408	
FENN RS             	ID	USC00103143	
HOLLISTER           	ID	USC00104295	
SALMON-KSRA         	ID	USC00108080	
CHARLES CITY        	IA	USC00131402	
FRANKFORT DOWNTOWN  	KY	USC00153028	
ALEXANDRIA          	LA	USC00160098	
PLAIN DEALING       	LA	USC00167344	
EASTPORT            	ME	USC00172426	
LEWISTON            	ME	USC00174566	
BLUE HILL           	MA	USC00190736	
ALLEGAN 5NE         	MI	USC00200128	
GREENVILLE          	MS	USC00223605	
NATCHEZ             	MS	USC00226177	
FARMINGTON          	MO	USC00232809	
MEXICO              	MO	USC00235541	
MTN GROVE 2 N       	MO	USC00235834	
UNIONVILLE          	MO	USC00238523	
KALISPELL GLACIER AP	MT	USC00244558	
MOCCASIN EXP STN    	MT	USC00245761	
ALLIANCE 1WNW       	NE	USC00250130	
BEATRICE 1N         	NE	USC00250622	
CRETE 4ESE          	NE	USC00252020	
IMPERIAL            	NE	USC00254110	
NORTH LOUP          	NE	USC00256040	
SEWARD              	NE	USC00257715	
AUSTIN #2           	NV	USC00260507	
FALLON EXP STN      	NV	USC00262780	
MCGILL              	NV	USC00264950	
MINA                	NV	USC00265168	
HANOVER             	NH	USC00273850	
LONG BRANCH OAKHURST	NJ	USC00284987	
MOORESTOWN          	NJ	USC00285728	
PLAINFIELD          	NJ	USC00287079	
MTN PARK            	NM	USC00295960	
TULAROSA            	NM	USC00299165	
BATAVIA             	NY	USC00300443	
ELMIRA              	NY	USC00302610	
HEMLOCK             	NY	USC00303773	
INDIAN LAKE 2SW     	NY	USC00304102	
ITHACA CORNELL UNIV 	NY	USC00304174	
LAKE PLACID 2 S     	NY	USC00304555	
EMMONS              	NY	USC00305113	
OSWEGO E            	NY	USC00306314	
PORT JERVIS         	NY	USC00306774	
STILLWATER RSVR     	NY	USC00308248	
LUMBERTON           	NC	USC00315177	
DICKINSON EXP STN   	ND	USC00322188	
LANGDON EXP FARM    	ND	USC00324958	
MANDAN EXP STN      	ND	USC00325479	
NAPOLEON            	ND	USC00326255	
NEW ENGLAND         	ND	USC00326315	
WILLOW CITY         	ND	USC00329445	
FINDLAY WPCC        	OH	USC00332791	
GREENVILLE WTP      	OH	USC00333375	
PORTSMOUTH-SCIOTOVIL	OH	USC00336781	
WAUSEON WTP         	OH	USC00338822	
BEND                	OR	USC00350694	
PILOT ROCK 1 SE     	OR	USC00356634	
ROSEBURG KQEN       	OR	USC00357331	
FRANKLIN            	PA	USC00363028	
JOHNSTOWN           	PA	USC00364385	
PALMERTON           	PA	USC00366689	
READING 4 NNW       	PA	USC00367322	
RIDGWAY             	PA	USC00367477	
STATE COLLEGE       	PA	USC00368449	
STROUDSBURG         	PA	USC00368596	
WARREN              	PA	USC00369298	
CALHOUN FALLS       	SC	USC00381277	
CAMDEN 3 W          	SC	USC00381310	
CHERAW              	SC	USC00381588	
COLUMBIA UNIV OF SC 	SC	USC00381944	
CONWAY              	SC	USC00381997	
DARLINGTON          	SC	USC00382260	
KINGSTREE           	SC	USC00384753	
ORANGEBURG 2        	SC	USC00386527	
YEMASSEE 1 N        	SC	USC00389469	
RAPID CITY 4NW      	SD	USC00396947	
UNION CITY          	TN	USC00409219	
ALICE               	TX	USC00410144	
BALLINGER 2 NW      	TX	USC00410493	
BRENHAM             	TX	USC00411048	
CORSICANA           	TX	USC00412019	
DUBLIN 2SE          	TX	USC00412598	
EAGLE PASS 3N       	TX	USC00412679	
FLATONIA 4SE        	TX	USC00413183	
HASKELL             	TX	USC00413992	
LAMPASAS            	TX	USC00415018	
LLANO               	TX	USC00415272	
MCCAMEY             	TX	USC00415707	
MEXIA               	TX	USC00415869	
PECOS               	TX	USC00416892	
RIO GRANDE CITY     	TX	USC00417622	
TEMPLE              	TX	USC00418910	
LOGAN UTAH ST UNIV  	UT	USC00425186	
LEXINGTON           	VA	USC00444876	
ROCKY MT            	VA	USC00447338	
STAUNTON WTP        	VA	USC00448062	
ABERDEEN            	WA	USC00450008	
BLAINE              	WA	USC00450729	
CLEARBROOK          	WA	USC00451484	
LONG BEACH EXP STN  	WA	USC00454748	
POMEROY             	WA	USC00456610	
PORT ANGELES        	WA	USC00456624	
PULLMAN 2 NW        	WA	USC00456789	
RAYMOND 2 S         	WA	USC00456914	
SUNNYSIDE           	WA	USC00458207	
PARSONS 1 NE        	WV	USC00466867	
OSHKOSH             	WI	USC00476330	
MIDWEST             	WY	USC00486195	
NEWCASTLE           	WY	USC00486660	
WORLAND             	WY	USC00489770	
YELLOWSTONE PK MAMMO	WY	USC00489905	

Afternoon station list :

BREWTON 3 SSE       	AL	USC00011084
GAINESVILLE LOCK    	AL	USC00013160
GREENSBORO          	AL	USC00013511
HIGHLAND HOME       	AL	USC00013816
SAINT BERNARD       	AL	USC00017157
SCOTTSBORO          	AL	USC00017304
SELMA               	AL	USC00017366
TALLADEGA           	AL	USC00018024
THOMASVILLE         	AL	USC00018178
TROY                	AL	USC00018323
UNION SPRINGS 9 S   	AL	USC00018438
VALLEY HEAD         	AL	USC00018469
AJO                 	AZ	USC00020080
BUCKEYE             	AZ	USC00021026
CANYON DE CHELLY    	AZ	USC00021248
FT VALLEY           	AZ	USC00023160
HOLBROOK            	AZ	USC00024089
KINGMAN #2          	AZ	USC00024645
PARKER              	AZ	USC00026250
PRESCOTT            	AZ	USC00026796
ROOSEVELT 1 WNW     	AZ	USC00027281
SAINT JOHNS         	AZ	USC00027435
SELIGMAN            	AZ	USC00027716
TOMBSTONE           	AZ	USC00028619
TUCSON WFO          	AZ	USC00028815
WICKENBURG          	AZ	USC00029287
WILLIAMS            	AZ	USC00029359
BRINKLEY            	AR	USC00030936
CONWAY              	AR	USC00031596
CORNING             	AR	USC00031632
EUREKA SPRINGS 3 WNW	AR	USC00032356
FAYETTEVILLE EXP STN	AR	USC00032444
MAMMOTH SPRING      	AR	USC00034572
MENA                	AR	USC00034756
NEWPORT             	AR	USC00035186
PINE BLUFF          	AR	USC00035754
POCAHONTAS 1        	AR	USC00035820
PRESCOTT 2 NNW      	AR	USC00035908
ROHWER 2 NNE        	AR	USC00036253
SUBIACO             	AR	USC00036928
BERKELEY            	CA	USC00040693
BLYTHE              	CA	USC00040924
BRAWLEY 2 SW        	CA	USC00041048
CEDARVILLE          	CA	USC00041614
CHICO UNIV FARM     	CA	USC00041715
CHULA VISTA         	CA	USC00041758
COLFAX              	CA	USC00041912
CUYAMACA            	CA	USC00042239
DAVIS 2 WSW EXP FARM	CA	USC00042294
DEATH VALLEY        	CA	USC00042319
ELECTRA P H         	CA	USC00042728
FT BRAGG 5 N        	CA	USC00043161
HAPPY CAMP RS       	CA	USC00043761
INDEPENDENCE        	CA	USC00044232
INDIO FIRE STN      	CA	USC00044259
LAKE SPAULDING      	CA	USC00044713
LEMON COVE          	CA	USC00044890
LIVERMORE           	CA	USC00044997
LODI                	CA	USC00045032
MARYSVILLE          	CA	USC00045385
MERCED              	CA	USC00045532
MT SHASTA           	CA	USC00045983
NAPA STATE HOSPITAL 	CA	USC00046074
NEWPORT BEACH HARBOR	CA	USC00046175
OJAI                	CA	USC00046399
ORLAND              	CA	USC00046506
ORLEANS             	CA	USC00046508
PASADENA            	CA	USC00046719
PASO ROBLES         	CA	USC00046730
PETALUMA AIRPORT    	CA	USC00046826
REDLANDS            	CA	USC00047306
SAN LUIS OBISPO POLY	CA	USC00047851
SANTA BARBARA       	CA	USC00047902
SANTA CRUZ          	CA	USC00047916
SANTA ROSA          	CA	USC00047965
TAHOE CITY          	CA	USC00048758
UKIAH               	CA	USC00049122
VACAVILLE           	CA	USC00049200
WASCO               	CA	USC00049452
WEAVERVILLE         	CA	USC00049490
WILLOWS 6 W         	CA	USC00049699
YOSEMITE PARK HQ    	CA	USC00049855
YREKA               	CA	USC00049866
BOULDER             	CO	USC00050848
CANON CITY          	CO	USC00051294
CHEESMAN            	CO	USC00051528
CHEYENNE WELLS      	CO	USC00051564
COLLBRAN            	CO	USC00051741
DEL NORTE 3ENE      	CO	USC00052184
DILLON 1 E          	CO	USC00052281
EADS                	CO	USC00052446
FT COLLINS          	CO	USC00053005
FT MORGAN           	CO	USC00053038
FRUITA              	CO	USC00053146
GUNNISON 3SW        	CO	USC00053662
HERMIT 7 ESE        	CO	USC00053951
HOLLY               	CO	USC00054076
LAMAR               	CO	USC00054770
LAS ANIMAS          	CO	USC00054834
MANASSA             	CO	USC00055322
MONTROSE #2         	CO	USC00055722
ROCKY FORD 2 SE     	CO	USC00057167
SAGUACHE            	CO	USC00057337
STEAMBOAT SPRINGS   	CO	USC00057936
TELLURIDE 4WNW      	CO	USC00058204
TRINIDAD            	CO	USC00058429
WRAY                	CO	USC00059243
FALLS VILLAGE       	CT	USC00062658
GROTON              	CT	USC00063207
STAMFORD 5 N        	CT	USC00067970
STORRS              	CT	USC00068138
DOVER               	DE	USC00072730
GREENWOOD 2NE       	DE	USC00073595
MILFORD 2 SE        	DE	USC00075915
WILMINGTON PORTER RS	DE	USC00079605
ARCADIA             	FL	USC00080228
DE FUNIAK SPRINGS 1 	FL	USC00082220
EVERGLADES          	FL	USC00082850
FEDERAL PT          	FL	USC00082915
FERNANDINA BEACH    	FL	USC00082944
FT PIERCE           	FL	USC00083207
INVERNESS 3 SE      	FL	USC00084289
LAKE CITY 2 E       	FL	USC00084731
OCALA               	FL	USC00086414
SAINT LEO           	FL	USC00087851
TARPON SPGS SEWAGE P	FL	USC00088824
ALBANY 3 SE         	GA	USC00090140
BAINBRIDGE INTL PAPE	GA	USC00090586
BRUNSWICK           	GA	USC00091340
COVINGTON           	GA	USC00092318
DAHLONEGA 4WSW      	GA	USC00092475
EASTMAN 1 W         	GA	USC00092966
GAINESVILLE         	GA	USC00093621
GLENNVILLE 3NW      	GA	USC00093754
MILLEDGEVILLE       	GA	USC00095874
MILLEN 4 N          	GA	USC00095882
NEWNAN 7 WNW        	GA	USC00096335
ROME                	GA	USC00097600
TALBOTTON           	GA	USC00098535
TOCCOA              	GA	USC00098740
WARRENTON           	GA	USC00099141
WASHINGTON 2 ESE    	GA	USC00099157
WAYCROSS 4 NE       	GA	USC00099186
W PT                	GA	USC00099291
ABERDEEN EXP STN    	ID	USC00100010
ASHTON 1N           	ID	USC00100470
DWORSHAK FISH HATCHE	ID	USC00102845
GLENNS FERRY        	ID	USC00103631
GRACE               	ID	USC00103732
HAZELTON            	ID	USC00104140
JEROME              	ID	USC00104670
KELLOGG             	ID	USC00104831
KETCHUM RS          	ID	USC00104845
LIFTON PUMPING STN  	ID	USC00105275
MACKAY LOST RVR RS  	ID	USC00105462
MOSCOW U OF I       	ID	USC00106152
NEW MEADOWS RS      	ID	USC00106388
OAKLEY              	ID	USC00106542
PAYETTE             	ID	USC00106891
PORTHILL            	ID	USC00107264
PRIEST RVR EXP STN  	ID	USC00107386
SANDPOINT EXP STN   	ID	USC00108137
ALEDO               	IL	USC00110072
ANNA 2 NNE          	IL	USC00110187
AURORA              	IL	USC00110338
CARLINVILLE         	IL	USC00111280
CHARLESTON          	IL	USC00111436
DANVILLE            	IL	USC00112140
DECATUR WTP         	IL	USC00112193
DIXON 1W            	IL	USC00112348
DU QUOIN 4 SE       	IL	USC00112483
GALVA               	IL	USC00113335
HARRISBURG          	IL	USC00113879
HILLSBORO           	IL	USC00114108
HOOPESTON           	IL	USC00114198
JACKSONVILLE 2E     	IL	USC00114442
LA HARPE            	IL	USC00114823
LINCOLN             	IL	USC00115079
MARENGO             	IL	USC00115326
MCLEANSBORO         	IL	USC00115515
MINONK              	IL	USC00115712
MONMOUTH            	IL	USC00115768
MORRISON            	IL	USC00115833
MT CARROLL          	IL	USC00115901
MT VERNON 3 NE      	IL	USC00115943
OLNEY 2S            	IL	USC00116446
OTTAWA 5SW          	IL	USC00116526
PALESTINE           	IL	USC00116558
PANA                	IL	USC00116579
PARIS STP           	IL	USC00116610
PONTIAC             	IL	USC00116910
RUSHVILLE 4NE       	IL	USC00117551
SPARTA 1 W          	IL	USC00118147
CHAMPAIGN 3S        	IL	USC00118740
WALNUT              	IL	USC00118916
WHITE HALL 1 E      	IL	USC00119241
WINDSOR             	IL	USC00119354
ANDERSON SEWAGE PLT 	IN	USC00120177
ANGOLA              	IN	USC00120200
BERNE WWTP          	IN	USC00120676
BLOOMINGTON INDIANA 	IN	USC00120784
BROOKVILLE          	IN	USC00121030
CAMBRIDGE CITY 3 N  	IN	USC00121229
CHARLESTOWN 5 NNW   	IN	USC00121425
COLUMBUS            	IN	USC00121747
CRAWFORDSVILLE 6 SE 	IN	USC00121873
DELPHI 2 N          	IN	USC00122149
GOSHEN 3SW          	IN	USC00123418
GREENCASTLE 1 W     	IN	USC00123513
GREENFIELD          	IN	USC00123527
HOBART 2 WNW        	IN	USC00124008
HUNTINGTON          	IN	USC00124181
LAPORTE             	IN	USC00124837
MADISON SEWAGE PLT  	IN	USC00125237
MARION 2 N          	IN	USC00125337
MT VERNON           	IN	USC00126001
OOLITIC PURDUE EX FM	IN	USC00126580
PAOLI               	IN	USC00126705
PRINCETON 1 W       	IN	USC00127125
RENSSELAER          	IN	USC00127298
ROCHESTER           	IN	USC00127482
ROCKVILLE           	IN	USC00127522
RUSHVILLE           	IN	USC00127646
SALEM               	IN	USC00127755
SCOTTSBURG          	IN	USC00127875
SEYMOUR 2 N         	IN	USC00127935
SHOALS 8 S          	IN	USC00128036
VEVAY               	IN	USC00129080
VINCENNES 5 NE      	IN	USC00129113
WASHINGTON 1 W      	IN	USC00129253
WHEATFIELD          	IN	USC00129511
WHITESTOWN          	IN	USC00129557
WINAMAC 2SSE        	IN	USC00129670
ALBIA 3 NNE         	IA	USC00130112
ALGONA 3 W          	IA	USC00130133
BELLE PLAINE        	IA	USC00130600
CLARINDA            	IA	USC00131533
CLINTON #1          	IA	USC00131635
ESTHERVILLE 4E      	IA	USC00132724
FAIRFIELD           	IA	USC00132789
FAYETTE             	IA	USC00132864
FOREST CITY 2 NNE   	IA	USC00132977
FT DODGE 5NNW       	IA	USC00132999
INDIANOLA 2W        	IA	USC00134063
IOWA FALLS          	IA	USC00134142
LE MARS             	IA	USC00134735
LOGAN               	IA	USC00134894
MT AYR              	IA	USC00135769
MT PLEASANT 1 SSW   	IA	USC00135796
NEW HAMPTON         	IA	USC00135952
ROCK RAPIDS         	IA	USC00137147
ROCKWELL CITY       	IA	USC00137161
STORM LAKE          	IA	USC00137979
TOLEDO 3N           	IA	USC00138296
WASHINGTON          	IA	USC00138688
ASHLAND             	KS	USC00140365
ATCHISON            	KS	USC00140405
COLDWATER           	KS	USC00141704
COLUMBUS            	KS	USC00141740
EL DORADO           	KS	USC00142401
ELLSWORTH           	KS	USC00142459
FT SCOTT            	KS	USC00142835
HAYS 1 S            	KS	USC00143527
HORTON              	KS	USC00143810
INDEPENDENCE        	KS	USC00143954
JETMORE 8NNW        	KS	USC00144087
LAKIN               	KS	USC00144464
LARNED              	KS	USC00144530
LAWRENCE            	KS	USC00144559
LEAVENWORTH         	KS	USC00144588
LIBERAL             	KS	USC00144695
MANHATTAN           	KS	USC00144972
MCPHERSON           	KS	USC00145152
MEDICINE LODGE      	KS	USC00145173
MINNEAPOLIS         	KS	USC00145363
NORTON 9SSE         	KS	USC00145856
OBERLIN             	KS	USC00145906
OLATHE 3E           	KS	USC00145972
OTTAWA              	KS	USC00146128
SAINT FRANCIS       	KS	USC00147093
SCOTT CITY          	KS	USC00147271
SEDAN               	KS	USC00147305
WAKEENEY            	KS	USC00148495
ASHLAND             	KY	USC00150254
BEREA COLLEGE       	KY	USC00150619
CAVE RUN  LAKE      	KY	USC00152791
GREENSBURG          	KY	USC00153430
HOPKINSVILLE        	KY	USC00153994
LEITCHFIELD 2 N     	KY	USC00154703
SHELBYVILLE 1 E     	KY	USC00157324
WILLIAMSBURG        	KY	USC00158709
WILLIAMSTOWN        	KY	USC00158714
AMITE               	LA	USC00160205
BASTROP             	LA	USC00160537
BUNKIE              	LA	USC00161287
CALHOUN RSCH STN    	LA	USC00161411
COVINGTON 4 NNW     	LA	USC00162151
DONALDSONVILLE 4 SW 	LA	USC00162534
FRANKLIN 3 NW       	LA	USC00163313
GRAND COTEAU        	LA	USC00163800
HOUMA               	LA	USC00164407
JENNINGS            	LA	USC00164700
ST JOSEPH 3 N       	LA	USC00168163
THIBODAUX 4 SE      	LA	USC00169013
WINNSBORO 5 SSE     	LA	USC00169806
ACADIA NP           	ME	USC00170100
FARMINGTON          	ME	USC00172765
GARDINER            	ME	USC00173046
HOULTON 5N          	ME	USC00173944
MILLINOCKET         	ME	USC00175304
PRESQUE ISLE        	ME	USC00176937
WOODLAND            	ME	USC00179891
CAMBRIDGE WATER TRMT	MD	USC00181385
CHESTERTOWN         	MD	USC00181750
CUMBERLAND 2        	MD	USC00182282
DENTON 2 E          	MD	USC00182523
GLENN DALE BELL STN 	MD	USC00183675
LAUREL 3 W          	MD	USC00185111
MILLINGTON 1 SE     	MD	USC00185985
OAKLAND 1 SE        	MD	USC00186620
OWINGS FERRY LANDING	MD	USC00186770
PRINCESS ANNE       	MD	USC00187330
ROYAL OAK 2 SSW     	MD	USC00187806
SALISBURY           	MD	USC00188000
WESTMINSTER         	MD	USC00189440
WOODSTOCK           	MD	USC00189750
AMHERST             	MA	USC00190120
BEDFORD             	MA	USC00190535
GREAT BARRINGTON 2N 	MA	USC00193213
LAWRENCE            	MA	USC00194105
NEW BEDFORD         	MA	USC00195246
PLYMOUTH-KINGSTON   	MA	USC00196486
PROVINCETOWN        	MA	USC00196681
TAUNTON             	MA	USC00198367
ADRIAN 2 NNE        	MI	USC00200032
ALMA                	MI	USC00200146
ANN ARBOR U OF MICH 	MI	USC00200230
BIG RAPIDS WTR WKS  	MI	USC00200779
CHAMPION VAN RIPER P	MI	USC00201439
CHATHAM EXP FARM 2  	MI	USC00201486
CHEBOYGAN           	MI	USC00201492
COLDWATER ST SCHOOL 	MI	USC00201675
EAST TAWAS          	MI	USC00202423
FAYETTE 4 SW        	MI	USC00202737
HART 3 WSW          	MI	USC00203632
HILLSDALE           	MI	USC00203823
IRON MT KINGSFORD WW	MI	USC00204090
IRONWOOD            	MI	USC00204104
KALAMAZOO STATE HOSP	MI	USC00204244
MIDLAND             	MI	USC00205434
CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNI	MI	USC00205662
MUNISING            	MI	USC00205690
NEWBERRY CORRECTIONA	MI	USC00205816
OWOSSO WWTP         	MI	USC00206300
S HAVEN             	MI	USC00207690
STAMBAUGH 2SSE      	MI	USC00207812
ADA                 	MN	USC00210018
ALBERT LEA 3 SE     	MN	USC00210075
BAUDETTE            	MN	USC00210515
CHASKA              	MN	USC00211465
CLOQUET             	MN	USC00211630
DETROIT LAKES 1 NNE 	MN	USC00212142
EVELETH WWTP        	MN	USC00212645
FAIRMONT            	MN	USC00212698
FARMINGTON 3 NW     	MN	USC00212737
FOSSTON 1 E         	MN	USC00212916
GRAND MEADOW        	MN	USC00213290
ITASCA UNIV OF MINN 	MN	USC00214106
LEECH LAKE          	MN	USC00214652
MILAN 1 NW          	MN	USC00215400
MONTEVIDEO 1 SW     	MN	USC00215563
MORA                	MN	USC00215615
MORRIS W CNTRL RSCH 	MN	USC00215638
NEW ULM 2 SE        	MN	USC00215887
OLIVIA 3E           	MN	USC00216152
PINE RVR DAM        	MN	USC00216547
PIPESTONE           	MN	USC00216565
ROSEAU              	MN	USC00217087
ST PETER            	MN	USC00217405
SANDY LAKE DAM LIBBY	MN	USC00217460
TWO HARBORS         	MN	USC00218419
WALKER              	MN	USC00218618
WINNEBAGO           	MN	USC00219046
ZUMBROTA            	MN	USC00219249
ABERDEEN            	MS	USC00220021
BATESVILLE 2 SW     	MS	USC00220488
BOONEVILLE          	MS	USC00220955
BROOKHAVEN CITY     	MS	USC00221094
CANTON 4N           	MS	USC00221389
CLARKSDALE          	MS	USC00221707
COLUMBIA            	MS	USC00221865
COLUMBUS            	MS	USC00221880
CORINTH 7 SW        	MS	USC00221962
CRYSTAL SPGS EXP STN	MS	USC00222094
FOREST              	MS	USC00223107
HATTIESBURG 5SW     	MS	USC00223887
HOLLY SPRINGS 4 N   	MS	USC00224173
KOSCIUSKO           	MS	USC00224776
LAUREL              	MS	USC00224939
LOUISVILLE          	MS	USC00225247
MONTICELLO          	MS	USC00225987
MOORHEAD            	MS	USC00226009
PASCAGOULA 3 NE     	MS	USC00226718
PONTOTOC EXP STN    	MS	USC00227111
POPLARVILLE EXP STN 	MS	USC00227128
PORT GIBSON 1 NE    	MS	USC00227132
STATE UNIV          	MS	USC00228374
UNIVERSITY          	MS	USC00229079
WATER VALLEY        	MS	USC00229400
WAVELAND            	MS	USC00229426
WAYNESBORO 2 W      	MS	USC00229439
WOODVILLE 4 ESE     	MS	USC00229793
YAZOO CITY 5 NNE    	MS	USC00229860
APPLETON CITY       	MO	USC00230204
BOWLING GREEN 1 E   	MO	USC00230856
BRUNSWICK           	MO	USC00231037
CARUTHERSVILLE      	MO	USC00231364
CLINTON             	MO	USC00231711
CONCEPTION          	MO	USC00231822
DONIPHAN            	MO	USC00232289
JEFFERSON CITY WTP  	MO	USC00234271
LAMAR 7N            	MO	USC00234705
LEBANON 2W          	MO	USC00234825
LEES SUMMIT REED WR 	MO	USC00234850
LEXINGTON 3E        	MO	USC00234904
LOCKWOOD            	MO	USC00235027
MARBLE HILL         	MO	USC00235253
MOBERLY             	MO	USC00235671
NEOSHO              	MO	USC00235976
ROLLA MISSOURI S T  	MO	USC00237263
SPICKARD 7 W        	MO	USC00237963
STEFFENVILLE        	MO	USC00238051
SWEET SPRINGS       	MO	USC00238223
TRUMAN DAM   RSVR   	MO	USC00238466
WARRENTON 1 N       	MO	USC00238725
ANACONDA            	MT	USC00240199
AUGUSTA             	MT	USC00240364
BIG TIMBER          	MT	USC00240780
BOZEMAN MONTANA STAT	MT	USC00241044
CASCADE 5 S         	MT	USC00241552
CHINOOK             	MT	USC00241722
CHOTEAU             	MT	USC00241737
DILLON U OF MONTANA 	MT	USC00242409
EKALAKA             	MT	USC00242689
ENNIS               	MT	USC00242793
FLATWILLOW 4 ENE    	MT	USC00243013
FORKS 4 NNE         	MT	USC00243089
FT ASSINIBOINE      	MT	USC00243110
FORTINE 1 N         	MT	USC00243139
GLENDIVE            	MT	USC00243581
HAMILTON            	MT	USC00243885
HEBGEN DAM          	MT	USC00244038
HUNTLEY EXP STN     	MT	USC00244345
JORDAN              	MT	USC00244522
LIBBY 1 NE RS       	MT	USC00245015
LIVINGSTON 12 S     	MT	USC00245080
MALTA 7 E           	MT	USC00245338
MILDRED 5 N         	MT	USC00245668
NORRIS MADISON PWR H	MT	USC00246157
PHILIPSBURG RS      	MT	USC00246472
PLEVNA              	MT	USC00246601
RED LODGE           	MT	USC00246918
SAINT IGNATIUS      	MT	USC00247286
SAVAGE              	MT	USC00247382
VALIER              	MT	USC00248501
VIRGINIA CITY       	MT	USC00248597
WEST YELLOWSTONE    	MT	USC00248857
WHITE SULPHUR SPRING	MT	USC00248930
ALBION              	NE	USC00250070
ASHLAND NO 2        	NE	USC00250375
ATKINSON 3SW        	NE	USC00250420
AUBURN 5 ESE        	NE	USC00250435
BEAVER CITY         	NE	USC00250640
BRIDGEPORT          	NE	USC00251145
BROKEN BOW 2 W      	NE	USC00251200
CURTIS 3NNE         	NE	USC00252100
DAVID CITY          	NE	USC00252205
FAIRBURY 5S         	NE	USC00252820
FAIRMONT            	NE	USC00252840
FRANKLIN            	NE	USC00253035
GENEVA              	NE	USC00253175
GENOA 2 W           	NE	USC00253185
GOTHENBURG          	NE	USC00253365
HARRISON            	NE	USC00253615
HARTINGTON          	NE	USC00253630
HASTINGS 4N         	NE	USC00253660
HAY SPRINGS 12 S    	NE	USC00253715
HEBRON              	NE	USC00253735
HOLDREGE            	NE	USC00253910
KIMBALL 2NE         	NE	USC00254440
LODGEPOLE           	NE	USC00254900
LOUP CITY           	NE	USC00254985
MADISON             	NE	USC00255080
MC COOK             	NE	USC00255310
MERRIMAN            	NE	USC00255470
MINDEN              	NE	USC00255565
OAKDALE             	NE	USC00256135
PAWNEE CITY         	NE	USC00256570
PURDUM              	NE	USC00256970
RED CLOUD           	NE	USC00257070
SAINT PAUL          	NE	USC00257515
SYRACUSE            	NE	USC00258395
TECUMSEH 1S         	NE	USC00258465
TEKAMAH             	NE	USC00258480
WAKEFIELD           	NE	USC00258915
WEEPING WATER       	NE	USC00259090
YORK                	NE	USC00259510
BOULDER CITY        	NV	USC00261071
GOLCONDA            	NV	USC00263245
LOVELOCK            	NV	USC00264698
SEARCHLIGHT         	NV	USC00267369
WELLS               	NV	USC00268988
DURHAM              	NH	USC00272174
FIRST CONNECTICUT LA	NH	USC00272999
KEENE               	NH	USC00274399
BELVIDERE BRG       	NJ	USC00280734
BOONTON 1 SE        	NJ	USC00280907
CHARLOTTEBURG RESERV	NJ	USC00281582
FLEMINGTON 5 NNW    	NJ	USC00283029
HIGHTSTOWN 2 W      	NJ	USC00283951
INDIAN MILLS 2 W    	NJ	USC00284229
NEW BRUNSWICK 3 SE  	NJ	USC00286055
AZTEC RUINS NM      	NM	USC00290692
BELL RANCH          	NM	USC00290858
CARLSBAD            	NM	USC00291469
CHAMA               	NM	USC00291664
CIMARRON 4 SW       	NM	USC00291813
ELEPHANT BUTTE DAM  	NM	USC00292848
FT BAYARD           	NM	USC00293265
FT SUMNER           	NM	USC00293294
GAGE                	NM	USC00293368
JEMEZ SPRINGS       	NM	USC00294369
JORNADA EXP RANGE   	NM	USC00294426
LAS VEGAS WWTP      	NM	USC00294862
LOS LUNAS 3 SSW     	NM	USC00295150
LUNA RS             	NM	USC00295273
MOUNTAINAIR         	NM	USC00295965
OROGRANDE           	NM	USC00296435
RED RIVER           	NM	USC00297323
SAN JON             	NM	USC00297867
SANTA ROSA          	NM	USC00298107
SOCORRO             	NM	USC00298387
SPRINGER            	NM	USC00298501
STATE UNIV          	NM	USC00298535
TUCUMCARI 4 NE      	NM	USC00299156
ALFRED              	NY	USC00300085
ALLEGANY SP         	NY	USC00300093
ANGELICA            	NY	USC00300183
AUBURN              	NY	USC00300321
BRIDGEHAMPTON       	NY	USC00300889
BROCKPORT           	NY	USC00300937
CHAZY               	NY	USC00301401
COOPERSTOWN         	NY	USC00301752
CORTLAND            	NY	USC00301799
DANNEMORA           	NY	USC00301966
DANSVILLE           	NY	USC00301974
FREDONIA            	NY	USC00303033
GENEVA RSCH FARM    	NY	USC00303184
GLENHAM             	NY	USC00303259
GLOVERSVILLE        	NY	USC00303319
LAWRENCEVILLE 3 SW  	NY	USC00304647
LITTLE FALLS CITY RS	NY	USC00304791
LITTLE FALLS MILL ST	NY	USC00304796
LOCKPORT            	NY	USC00304844
LOWVILLE            	NY	USC00304912
MOHONK LAKE         	NY	USC00305426
MORRISVILLE 6 SW    	NY	USC00305512
NORWICH             	NY	USC00306085
OGDENSBURG 4 NE     	NY	USC00306164
SARATOGA SPRINGS 4 S	NY	USC00307484
SETAUKET STRONG     	NY	USC00307633
TROY L D            	NY	USC00308600
TUPPER LAKE SUNMOUNT	NY	USC00308631
WALDEN 1 ESE        	NY	USC00308906
WALES               	NY	USC00308910
WANAKENA RNGR SCHOOL	NY	USC00308944
WATERTOWN           	NY	USC00309000
WEST POINT          	NY	USC00309292
YORKTOWN HTS 1W     	NY	USC00309670
ALBEMARLE           	NC	USC00310090
CHAPEL HILL 2 W     	NC	USC00311677
EDENTON             	NC	USC00312635
ELIZABETH CITY      	NC	USC00312719
FAYETTEVILLE (PWC)  	NC	USC00313017
HENDERSON 2 NNW     	NC	USC00313969
HENDERSONVILLE 1 NE 	NC	USC00313976
HIGHLANDS           	NC	USC00314055
KINSTON 7 SE        	NC	USC00314684
LENOIR              	NC	USC00314938
LOUISBURG           	NC	USC00315123
MARION              	NC	USC00315340
MARSHALL            	NC	USC00315356
MONROE 2 SE         	NC	USC00315771
MOREHEAD CITY 2 WNW 	NC	USC00315830
MORGANTON           	NC	USC00315838
MT AIRY 2 W         	NC	USC00315890
REIDSVILLE 2 NW     	NC	USC00317202
SALISBURY           	NC	USC00317615
SMITHFIELD          	NC	USC00317994
SOUTHPORT 5 N       	NC	USC00318113
STATESVILLE 2 NNE   	NC	USC00318292
TARBORO 1 S         	NC	USC00318500
WAYNESVILLE 1 E     	NC	USC00319147
WILSON 3 SW         	NC	USC00319476
BOTTINEAU           	ND	USC00320941
CROSBY              	ND	USC00321871
DUNN CENTER  1E     	ND	USC00322365
FT YATES 4 SW       	ND	USC00323207
FULLERTON 1 ESE     	ND	USC00323287
GRAFTON             	ND	USC00323594
GRAND FORKS UNIV (NW	ND	USC00323621
HETTINGER           	ND	USC00324178
HILLSBORO 3 N       	ND	USC00324203
JAMESTOWN STATE HOSP	ND	USC00324418
LISBON              	ND	USC00325220
MOFFIT 3 SE         	ND	USC00326015
MOTT                	ND	USC00326155
RICHARDTON ABBEY    	ND	USC00327530
TOWNER 2 NE         	ND	USC00328792
WAHPETON 3 N        	ND	USC00329100
BUCYRUS             	OH	USC00331072
CADIZ               	OH	USC00331152
CHIPPEWA LAKE       	OH	USC00331541
CIRCLEVILLE         	OH	USC00331592
COSHOCTON WPC PLT   	OH	USC00331890
DELAWARE            	OH	USC00332119
HILLSBORO           	OH	USC00333758
HIRAM               	OH	USC00333780
KENTON              	OH	USC00334189
MC CONNELLSVILLE LK 	OH	USC00335041
MILLERSBURG         	OH	USC00335297
MILLPORT 4 NE       	OH	USC00335315
NORWALK WWTP        	OH	USC00336118
OBERLIN             	OH	USC00336196
PHILO 3 SW          	OH	USC00336600
TIFFIN              	OH	USC00338313
UPPER SANDUSKY      	OH	USC00338534
URBANA WWTP         	OH	USC00338552
WARREN 3 S          	OH	USC00338769
WAUSEON WTP         	OH	USC00338822
WAVERLY             	OH	USC00338830
WOOSTER EXP STATION 	OH	USC00339312
ADA                 	OK	USC00340017
ALTUS IRIG RSCH STN 	OK	USC00340179
ANTLERS             	OK	USC00340256
ARDMORE             	OK	USC00340292
BEAVER              	OK	USC00340593
BOISE CITY 2 E      	OK	USC00340908
BUFFALO 2 SSW       	OK	USC00341243
CARNEGIE 5 NE       	OK	USC00341504
CHEROKEE 4W         	OK	USC00341724
CLAREMORE 2 ENE     	OK	USC00341828
DURANT              	OK	USC00342678
ENID                	OK	USC00342912
ERICK               	OK	USC00342944
GEARY               	OK	USC00343497
GOODWELL RSCH STN   	OK	USC00343628
GUTHRIE 5S          	OK	USC00343821
HAMMON 3 SSW        	OK	USC00343871
HENNESSEY 4 ESE     	OK	USC00344055
HOLDENVILLE 2SSE    	OK	USC00344235
HOOKER              	OK	USC00344298
JEFFERSON           	OK	USC00344573
KENTON              	OK	USC00344766
KINGFISHER          	OK	USC00344861
LAWTON              	OK	USC00345063
MANGUM              	OK	USC00345509
MEEKER 5 W          	OK	USC00345779
MIAMI               	OK	USC00345855
MUSKOGEE            	OK	USC00346130
MUTUAL              	OK	USC00346139
NEWKIRK 5NE         	OK	USC00346278
OKEENE              	OK	USC00346629
OKEMAH              	OK	USC00346638
OKMULGEE WTR WKS    	OK	USC00346670
PAULS VALLEY 4 WSW  	OK	USC00346926
PAWHUSKA            	OK	USC00346935
PERRY               	OK	USC00347012
POTEAU WTR WKS      	OK	USC00347254
STILLWATER 2 W      	OK	USC00348501
TAHLEQUAH           	OK	USC00348677
WAURIKA             	OK	USC00349395
WEATHERFORD         	OK	USC00349422
WEBBERS FALLS 5 WSW 	OK	USC00349445
ASHLAND             	OR	USC00350304
BROOKINGS 2 SE      	OR	USC00351055
CASCADIA            	OR	USC00351433
CONDON              	OR	USC00351765
CORVALLIS STATE UNIV	OR	USC00351862
COTTAGE GROVE 2E    	OR	USC00351897
CRATER LAKE NPS HQ  	OR	USC00351946
DANNER              	OR	USC00352135
DUFUR               	OR	USC00352440
FOREST GROVE        	OR	USC00352997
FREMONT 5 NW        	OR	USC00353095
GRANTS PASS         	OR	USC00353445
HEADWORKS PORTLAND W	OR	USC00353770
HEPPNER             	OR	USC00353827
HERMISTON 1 SE      	OR	USC00353847
HOOD RVR EXP STN    	OR	USC00354003
KLAMATH FALLS 2 SSW 	OR	USC00354506
LAKEVIEW 2 NNW      	OR	USC00354670
MCKENZIE BRG RS     	OR	USC00355362
MC MINNVILLE        	OR	USC00355384
MILTON FREEWATER    	OR	USC00355593
MORO                	OR	USC00355734
PAISLEY             	OR	USC00356426
PRINEVILLE          	OR	USC00356883
PROSPECT 2 SW       	OR	USC00356907
RIDDLE              	OR	USC00357169
THREE LYNX          	OR	USC00358466
TILLAMOOK           	OR	USC00358494
UNION EXP STN       	OR	USC00358746
VALE                	OR	USC00358797
WALLOWA             	OR	USC00358997
CHAMBERSBURG 1 ESE  	PA	USC00361354
EISENHOWER NHS      	PA	USC00362537
GREENVILLE 2 NE     	PA	USC00363526
MONTROSE            	PA	USC00365915
NEW CASTLE 1 N      	PA	USC00366233
SELINSGROVE 2 S     	PA	USC00367931
TOWANDA 1 S         	PA	USC00368905
UNIONTOWN 1 NE      	PA	USC00369050
WELLSBORO 4 SW      	PA	USC00369408
W CHESTER 2 NW      	PA	USC00369464
YORK 3 SSW PUMP STN 	PA	USC00369933
KINGSTON            	RI	USC00374266
AIKEN 5SE           	SC	USC00380074
ANDERSON            	SC	USC00380165
BEAUFORT WWTP       	SC	USC00380559
BLACKVILLE 3 W      	SC	USC00380764
CLEMSON UNIV        	SC	USC00381770
CONWAY              	SC	USC00381997
GEORGETOWN 2 E      	SC	USC00383468
GREENWOOD           	SC	USC00383754
KERSHAW 1SW         	SC	USC00384690
LAURENS             	SC	USC00385017
LITTLE MTN          	SC	USC00385200
NEWBERRY            	SC	USC00386209
SALUDA              	SC	USC00387631
SANTUCK             	SC	USC00387722
SUMMERVILLE 4W      	SC	USC00388426
SUMTER              	SC	USC00388440
WALHALLA            	SC	USC00388887
WINNSBORO           	SC	USC00389327
WINTHROP UNIV       	SC	USC00389350
ACADEMY 2NE         	SD	USC00390043
ALEXANDRIA          	SD	USC00390128
CANTON              	SD	USC00391392
CLARK               	SD	USC00391739
COTTONWOOD 2 E      	SD	USC00391972
DUPREE              	SD	USC00392429
EUREKA              	SD	USC00392797
FAULKTON 1 NW       	SD	USC00392927
FORESTBURG 4 NNE    	SD	USC00393029
GANN VALLEY 4NW     	SD	USC00393217
HIGHMORE 1 W        	SD	USC00393832
HOT SPRINGS         	SD	USC00394007
HOWARD              	SD	USC00394037
KENNEBEC            	SD	USC00394516
MELLETTE 4 W        	SD	USC00395456
MENNO               	SD	USC00395481
MILBANK 4 NW        	SD	USC00395536
MURDO               	SD	USC00395891
OAHE DAM            	SD	USC00396170
VERMILLION 2 SE     	SD	USC00398622
WOOD                	SD	USC00399442
CLARKSVILLE WWTP    	TN	USC00401790
COPPERHILL          	TN	USC00402024
COVINGTON 3 SW      	TN	USC00402108
CROSSVILLE ED   RESE	TN	USC00402202
DICKSON             	TN	USC00402489
DOVER 1 W           	TN	USC00402589
JACKSON EXP STN     	TN	USC00404561
LEWISBURG EXP STN   	TN	USC00405187
MC MINNVILLE        	TN	USC00405882
MURFREESBORO 5 N    	TN	USC00406371
NEWPORT 1 NW        	TN	USC00406534
ROGERSVILLE 1 NE    	TN	USC00407884
TULLAHOMA           	TN	USC00409155
WAYNESBORO          	TN	USC00409502
ALBANY              	TX	USC00410120
ALPINE              	TX	USC00410174
BALMORHEA           	TX	USC00410498
BEEVILLE 5 NE       	TX	USC00410639
BLANCO              	TX	USC00410832
BOERNE              	TX	USC00410902
BOYS RCH            	TX	USC00411000
BROWNWOOD 2ENE      	TX	USC00411138
CATARINA            	TX	USC00411528
CLARKSVILLE 2NE     	TX	USC00411772
CROSBYTON           	TX	USC00412121
DANEVANG 1 W        	TX	USC00412266
ENCINAL             	TX	USC00412906
FALFURRIAS          	TX	USC00413063
FT STOCKTON         	TX	USC00413280
GAINESVILLE 5 ENE   	TX	USC00413420
GREENVILLE KGVL RADI	TX	USC00413734
HALLETTSVILLE 2 N   	TX	USC00413873
LIBERTY             	TX	USC00415196
LULING              	TX	USC00415429
MARSHALL            	TX	USC00415618
MIAMI               	TX	USC00415875
MULESHOE #1         	TX	USC00416135
NEW BRAUNFELS       	TX	USC00416276
PLAINVIEW           	TX	USC00417079
QUANAH 2 SW         	TX	USC00417336
SEMINOLE            	TX	USC00418201
SNYDER              	TX	USC00418433
STRATFORD           	TX	USC00418692
WEATHERFORD         	TX	USC00419532
ALTON               	UT	USC00420086
BLANDING            	UT	USC00420738
BLUFF               	UT	USC00420788
CORINNE             	UT	USC00421731
DESERET             	UT	USC00422101
DUCHESNE            	UT	USC00422253
ESCALANTE           	UT	USC00422592
FILLMORE            	UT	USC00422828
FT DUCHESNE         	UT	USC00422996
GREEN RIVER AVIATION	UT	USC00423418
HEBER               	UT	USC00423809
KANAB               	UT	USC00424508
LAKETOWN            	UT	USC00424856
LEVAN               	UT	USC00425065
MANTI               	UT	USC00425402
MOAB                	UT	USC00425733
MORGAN POWER   LIGHT	UT	USC00425826
OGDEN PIONEER PH    	UT	USC00426404
PANGUITCH           	UT	USC00426601
PAROWAN             	UT	USC00426686
RICHFIELD RADIO KSVC	UT	USC00427260
ST GEORGE           	UT	USC00427516
SCIPIO              	UT	USC00427714
SNAKE CREEK POWERHOU	UT	USC00427909
SPANISH FORK PWR HOU	UT	USC00428119
THOMPSON            	UT	USC00428705
TOOELE              	UT	USC00428771
UTAH LAKE LEHI      	UT	USC00428973
VERNAL              	UT	USC00429111
WOODRUFF            	UT	USC00429595
ZION NP             	UT	USC00429717
CAVENDISH           	VT	USC00431243
CHELSEA             	VT	USC00431360
CORNWALL            	VT	USC00431580
ENOSBURG FALLS      	VT	USC00432769
SAINT JOHNSBURY     	VT	USC00437054
BLACKSBURG NWSO     	VA	USC00440766
BREMO BLUFF         	VA	USC00440993
BURKES GARDEN       	VA	USC00441209
CHARLOTTESVILLE 2W  	VA	USC00441593
DALE ENTERPRISE     	VA	USC00442208
DANVILLE            	VA	USC00442245
FARMVILLE 2 N       	VA	USC00442941
FREDERICKSBURG NP   	VA	USC00443192
HOPEWELL            	VA	USC00444101
HOT SPRINGS         	VA	USC00444128
LINCOLN             	VA	USC00444909
PENNINGTON GAP      	VA	USC00446626
PIEDMONT RSCH STN   	VA	USC00446712
WILLIAMSBURG 2 N    	VA	USC00449151
WOODSTOCK 2 NE      	VA	USC00449263
ABERDEEN            	WA	USC00450008
BELLINGHAM 3 SSW    	WA	USC00450587
BUCKLEY 1 NE        	WA	USC00450945
CEDAR LAKE          	WA	USC00451233
CENTRALIA           	WA	USC00451276
CLE ELUM            	WA	USC00451504
CONCONULLY          	WA	USC00451666
DAVENPORT           	WA	USC00452007
DAYTON 1 WSW        	WA	USC00452030
ELLENSBURG          	WA	USC00452505
EVERETT             	WA	USC00452675
FORKS 1 E           	WA	USC00452914
KENNEWICK           	WA	USC00454154
LONGMIRE RAINIER NPS	WA	USC00454764
LONGVIEW            	WA	USC00454769
NORTHPORT           	WA	USC00455946
ODESSA              	WA	USC00456039
OLGA 2 SE           	WA	USC00456096
PORT TOWNSEND       	WA	USC00456678
RITZVILLE 1 SSE     	WA	USC00457059
SEDRO-WOOLLEY       	WA	USC00457507
SNOQUALMIE FALLS    	WA	USC00457773
STEHEKIN 4 NW       	WA	USC00458059
VANCOUVER 4 NNE     	WA	USC00458773
WATERVILLE          	WA	USC00459012
WENATCHEE           	WA	USC00459074
WILBUR              	WA	USC00459238
WINTHROP 1 WSW      	WA	USC00459376
BUCKHANNON          	WV	USC00461220
CAIRO               	WV	USC00461330
GLENVILLE           	WV	USC00463544
MANNINGTON 8 WNW    	WV	USC00465626
SPENCER             	WV	USC00468384
WELLSBURG WTR TRMT P	WV	USC00469368
WINFIELD LOCKS      	WV	USC00469683
ASHLAND EXP FARM    	WI	USC00470349
BOWLER              	WI	USC00470991
BRODHEAD            	WI	USC00471078
DARLINGTON          	WI	USC00472001
FOND DU LAC         	WI	USC00472839
HANCOCK EXP FARM    	WI	USC00473405
LANCASTER 4 WSW     	WI	USC00474546
MANITOWOC           	WI	USC00475017
MARSHFIELD EXP FARM 	WI	USC00475120
MEDFORD             	WI	USC00475255
MILWAUKEE MT MARY CL	WI	USC00475474
MINOCQUA            	WI	USC00475516
NEW LONDON          	WI	USC00475932
OCONTO 4 W          	WI	USC00476208
PORTAGE             	WI	USC00476718
PRAIRIE DU CHIEN    	WI	USC00476827
RACINE              	WI	USC00476922
SPOONER AG RES STN  	WI	USC00478027
STANLEY WWTP        	WI	USC00478110
VIROQUA             	WI	USC00478827
WATERTOWN           	WI	USC00478919
ALTA 1 NNW          	WY	USC00480140
BASIN               	WY	USC00480540
CHUGWATER           	WY	USC00481730
COLONY              	WY	USC00481905
DIVERSION DAM       	WY	USC00482595
DUBOIS              	WY	USC00482715
EVANSTON 1 E        	WY	USC00483100
GREEN RIVER         	WY	USC00484065
LAKE YELLOWSTONE    	WY	USC00485345
LUSK 2 SW           	WY	USC00485830
MORAN 5WNW          	WY	USC00486440
PAVILLION           	WY	USC00487115
PINE BLUFFS 5W      	WY	USC00487240
POWELL FLD STN      	WY	USC00487388
RIVERTON            	WY	USC00487760
SARATOGA            	WY	USC00487990
SHERIDAN FLD STN    	WY	USC00488160
TORRINGTON EXP FARM 	WY	USC00488995
WHEATLAND 4 N       	WY	USC00489615

via The Deplorable Climate Science Blog http://ift.tt/2i1JH7O

May 10, 2017 at 03:50PM

Claim: Climate change could increase ER visits for allergy-related asthma

Claim: Climate change could increase ER visits for allergy-related asthma

via Watts Up With That?
http://ift.tt/1Viafi3

From the “weather is not climate” department and AGU

WASHINGTON, DC — More children could wind up in hospital emergency rooms suffering from allergy-induced asthma if greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and cause longer oak pollen seasons, according to a new study.

The new research finds that if greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase through the end of this century, the oak pollen season in some areas could extend by up to eight days. People with oak pollen allergies, particularly children, will have longer exposure to pollen that can induce allergic asthma. That could increase the associated hospital emergency room visits for allergic asthma by 10 percent in the Midwest, Southeast, and Northeast combined, the new study finds.

Allergic asthma associated with oak pollen sends more than 20,000 people to emergency rooms every year, and the increase in pollen could result in a 10 percent increase in hospital ER visits by 2090, according to the study’s authors.

These additional ER visits would add an estimated $10.4 million to the $346.2 million cost that would be expected under baseline conditions through 2090, according to the new study published in GeoHealth, a publication of the American Geophysical Union.

“We found that the severe climate change scenario had a substantial impact on public health,” said Susan Anenberg, an environmental scientist at Environmental Health Analytics, LLC, in Washington, D.C., and lead author of the new study.

The study is part of a growing area of research on the health impacts of climate change and the economic burden to individuals. Previous research has already shown that increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has caused ragweed, another strong allergen, to produce higher concentrations of pollen, according to the study’s authors.

The new study could help doctors anticipate changes in allergic asthma as the climate changes, said Samantha Ahdoot, a pediatrician in Alexandria, Virginia, and assistant professor of pediatrics at Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, who was not involved in the study.

“I would hope that this research would help the public and policymakers to understand that changes that occur in the environment, whether it is plant life or climate, trickle down and ultimately affect the health of people,” she said.

In the new study, Anenberg and her colleagues calculated the number of emergency room visits for allergic asthma across the Southeast, Midwest, and Northeast today and in the future using observed relationships between oak pollen and asthma ER visits in Atlanta, Cincinnati, and New York City.

They found that there were 21,200 oak pollen-related allergic asthma ER visits in 2010. Of those visits, 70 percent were children under the age of 18, indicating that children may be more vulnerable to climate change-related health impacts, according to Anenberg.

The study’s authors used climate models and known relationships between temperature, precipitation, and oak pollen to estimate the oak pollen season length under both a moderate climate change scenario and a severe climate change scenario.

Combining the emergency room visit and climate model information, the study’s authors found that the most severe climate change scenario would increase ER visits in the three regions by 5 percent in 2050 and by 10 percent in 2090. Under a moderate climate change scenario, the number of visits would only increase by 4 percent, avoiding more than half of the emergency incidents in the severe scenario, the study found.

“The impact of oak pollen on human health in the United States is extensive and likely worsening over time with climate change,” Anenberg said. “Our results could be underestimating a much bigger problem, since environmental changes could also affect other pollen types and other health outcomes.”

###

via Watts Up With That? http://ift.tt/1Viafi3

May 10, 2017 at 03:43PM

Can Canada Survive Climate Change Policy?

Can Canada Survive Climate Change Policy?

via Friends of Science Calgary
http://ift.tt/2on3Vep

Contributed by Robert Lyman © May 9, 2017

This is the prepared text of a presentation made at the Friends of Science Society’s 14th Annual CLIMATE DOGMA EXPOSED event in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, on May 9th, 2017. Robert Lyman is a Principal at the Ottawa-based ENTRANS Policy Research Group, Inc., a former public servant of 27  years, working in senior policy roles, and prior to that, a diplomat for 10 years.  Following this presentation, Steve Goreham spoke on “Outside the Green Box: Rethinking Sustainable Development.”

IMG_5031 (1)

A full house at the Red and White Club, McMahon Stadium. 

Ladies and gentlemen, I truly am pleased to be in Calgary for this event and to be able to speak to you on the question of whether Canada can survive climate change policy.

Hearing the question framed this way must surprise some of you. We hear so often in the media and from environmental groups that Canada and other countries may not survive what many predict to be the catastrophic effects of human-induced global warming. It must indeed seem strange that someone would wonder about the effects of the policies now proposed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as though the policies themselves are the threat. And yet they are.

 

Everyone comes to this issue with a certain perspective, so I will declare mine at the outset. I am not a scientist. I am not here to address the issue of how much human-related greenhouse gas emissions are contributing to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere nor on the sensitivity of global temperatures and climate to the increases in those concentrations over time. There are others here far more qualified than I to discuss that.

 

Instead, I want to discuss the policy and program measures that the people of Canada and other countries, especially in the industrialized world, are being urged to adopt and what will be the implications of those policies and programs. I believe in the importance of a sound public policy process when governments decide on issues that have important present and future consequences.

 

My career has taught me several important lessons about what makes for good public policies. The first is that good policies need to reflect the diversity of Canada and of the public interest. As in most countries, the people here include many different groups differentiated by financial interests, economic and social status, region, viewpoint and political party. Good public policy needs to take into account how each group will be affected and seek the highest benefit for all. Similarly, Canadians expect governments to pursue many different national goals: economic development, social justice, safety and security, public health and environmental quality to name a few. Sometimes these goals are compatible and sometimes they compete with one another.  We live in a pluralist, multi-goal society. Further, good public policies in Canada must acknowledge and respect the design of our federal political structure. Policies that severely harm some provinces and regions, allegedly to benefit the whole, may indeed place the federation at risk.

 

Every now and then, a policy issue comes along whose adherents think it is the most important one of all. Today, the theory that humans are causing cataclysmic global warming has created a claim for ascendancy over all other public policy objectives.

Indeed, many environmental organizations here consider that Canada should, as a point of moral principle and to show leadership, seek to completely eliminate greenhouse gas emissions in the shortest possible timeframe.

 

To that end, they seek the complete ending of coal use as the first step in the transformation of the electricity sector. They oppose all construction of new oil or natural gas pipeline systems. They use pressure on investors and various shaming tactics to discourage new investment in oil and gas exploration and development. They ask governments to impose absolute ceilings on the level of GHG emissions from certain energy sources as we have seen in the case of the oil sands. They advocate constantly in support of new programs, regulations and subsidies to favour renewable energy sources over traditional ones.

 

Before discussing the challenges that these demands pose, let me review how we came to this juncture and Canada’s place in the world.

 

In 1988, governments working together at international levels first raised concerns about the possibility that increasing human-related greenhouse gas emissions might be having an adverse impact on global temperatures. Since then, various countries have adopted targets to reduce emissions. In 1992, developed countries agreed on a voluntary target of stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions at 1990 levels by 2000. They did not even come close. Having not met a relatively modest target, countries agreed upon a more stringent one. In 1997, about 150 countries committed under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce GHG emissions by an average of 5% below 1990 levels by the 2008 to 2012 period. They failed miserably.

 

You might ask why, in Canada, a series of governments made political commitments to emission reduction targets that their officials candidly advised them probably could not be met. Part of it, I suspect, was simple cynicism. There was no political downside to promising to reduce emissions, only to actually doing it. Making large emissions cuts is costly and governments are usually cautious about provoking the public. So, they pretended to embrace the targets, but stopped short of the really disruptive measures.  This, however, had a disadvantage. The government’s adherence to non-attainable targets gave environmental groups a proverbial two-by-four with which they could beat federal politicians about the head and shoulders every year. And so they did.

 

Since the 1990’s, twenty-two conferences of the parties to the united nations framework convention on climate change have been held in efforts to broker a deal.

 

Recently, some countries have made political commitments to more stringent reductions. In the Copenhagen accord of December 2009, Canada and other countries committed politically to reduce GHG emissions to 17% below 2005 levels by 2020. Pursuant to international discussions preceding COP21 in December 2015, the government of Canada made a political commitment to attain a 30% reduction from 2005 levels by 2030. Outside of the COP framework, in 2008 the group of eight leaders, including Prime Minister Harper for Canada, established a long-term objective of reducing global emissions by 50% by 2050. They also announced that they supported a goal for all industrialized countries to reduce their emissions by 80 per cent or more, compared to 1990, by 2050.

 

At the COP21 conference, the parties finally realized that agreeing on another yet-more-stringent target was not credible, so they adopted a new strategy. They agreed not to set out in the agreement explicit goals to reduce emissions. Consequently, the COP21 agreement can be presented, especially in the united states, as not a treaty. It contains very few binding legal requirements, there is no formula for determining what each country’s obligations are, and there are no legal penalties for non-compliance.  Rather, it represents a best-efforts political commitment to keep the level of global GHG emissions below that which, in theory, might produce a two degree celsius increase in average global temperatures. So no one knows for sure how much emissions would have to be reduced, and the countries did not agree on specific targets. One might fairly describe this as a failure. Significantly, though, the agreement included a political commitment to file with the U.N. Secretariat a series of five-year plans to reduce emissions. These five-year plans were to become the bases upon which stringent reductions will occur.

 

Ladies and gentlemen, these commitments are just the beginning, the mere “foot in the door” for the more radical demands that lie ahead. We are still bound in principle to reduce Canadian GHG emissions by 50% from 2005 levels by 2050. The U.N still wants us to “show leadership” by reducing emissions by 80% from 2010 levels by 2050. A number of environmental groups in Canada and other countries have recently endorsed the Wind, Water and Sunlight, or WWS, vision. This vision seeks completely to eliminate the use of all fossils fuels – coal, oil, and natural gas – in the world by 2050. The New Democratic Party’s LEAP Manifesto endorses this vision, as does the Green Party and most of Canada’s influential environmental organizations. The government of Ontario also has formally committed the province to this vision. So have a number of large Canadian municipal governments.

 

How can we even begin to understand the magnitude of the changes being proposed? One way is to look at the sources of energy consumption and related emissions today. In 2005, Canadian emissions were 738 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. In 2014, after six years of the worst recession since the Great Depression, Canadians emitted less, 722 megatonnes. Twenty-six per cent of those emissions were from oil and gas production, 23 per cent were from transportation, and roughly equal portions of around 10 per cent were from electricity generation, buildings, industry and agriculture, with waste and other sources making up a residual 7 per cent. Assuming that emissions do not grow one bit over the next 32 years as a result of increased economic activity or increased population, achieving a 50 per cent emissions reduction from 2005 levels would mean reducing emissions to 369 megatonnes CO2 equivalent. That is comparable to completely eliminating the current emissions from oil and gas production, electricity generation, and all emissions-intensive industries like mining, petrochemicals, auto and parts manufacturing, iron, steel and cement. Gone. Achieving the aspirational goal of 80 per cent reduction recommended by the IPCC would mean reducing emissions to 147 megatonnes CO2 equivalent. That would be comparable to reducing Canada’s per capita emissions and our energy economy to the current levels of Bolivia, Sudan or Iraq.

 

I think it is fair to say that this would not be wildly popular outside of certain environmentalist and left-wing circles. The effects on regional economies would be devastating. Just eliminating all oil and gas production would deprive Alberta, Saskatchewan, Newfoundland and Labrador and the northern territories of their most promising resource development and income growth opportunities. Eliminating or sharply reducing all consumption of oil would mean electrifying all railways, sharping curtailing ownership and use of personal and commercial road vehicles, and severely limiting use of aviation and marine transportation services. No sector of the economy would be spared. If indeed such measures were actually to be implemented as national policy, really and truly the Canadian federation might not survive as a political entity.

 

You might say that any government that tried to push the climate change agenda so far would soon run into the limits of technology, economics or politics. That may be true. Unfortunately, even if radical emissions cuts prove to be impossible, governments still may be impelled by international political commitments to take measures with major economic costs. The American Enterprise Institute recently noted that, even though not legally binding, the Paris agreement provides a framework for a global, political pressure machine to exist for decades. The agreement is designed to stimulate political protest any time policy makers fail to keep commitments to de-carbonize the economy, pony up billions of dollars in climate aid for developing countries, and make increasingly ambitious emission reduction promises every five years, in perpetuity. Further, the Paris agreement tacitly affirms the preferred narrative that climate change is humanity’s greatest peril and that ‘inaction’ threatens millions of lives.

 

Which benefits would be achieved by incurring such costs?

 

Well, climate change is, above all, a global issue. The emissions occur all over the world and the effects are global.

 

Despite all the rhetoric about reducing world carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion and gas flaring, according to the U.S. Carbon dioxide information analysis center, they rose steadily from 16.6 Gigatonnes carbon dioxide equivalent in 1973 to 34.1 Gigatonnes in 2014.   So, they more than doubled over that timeframe. Importantly, though, the origins of the emissions changed significantly. In 1973, the countries of the organization for economic cooperation and development, or OECD, accounted for two-thirds of global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion; by 2014, the OECD share had declined to just over a third. So all, or almost all, of the emissions growth occurred outside of the OECD.

 

What does the future hold? No one has an infallible crystal ball, but the united states energy information administration, or EIA, is one of the most authoritative sources of analysis and future projections concerning energy supply, demand and emissions. In May 2016, it issued its most recent international energy outlook, with projections to 2040. Based on the most thorough analysis of the likely trends in economic and population growth and the rate at which new technologies will be applied, the outlook included some striking projections:

 

  • First, worldwide energy use will grow continuously over the next three decades, led by strong increases in non-OECD areas and especially in Asia. In the EIA reference case, consumption grows 48 per cent from 2012 to 2040.
  • Fossil fuels will still account for almost 80 per cent of energy use in 2040.
  • Use of petroleum and other liquid fuels will grow from 90 million barrels per day in 2012 to 121 million barrels per day in 2040, while natural gas use will grow from 129 trillion cubic feet in 2012 to 203 tcf in 2040.
  • Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions will grow from 32.3 Gigatonnes in 2012 to 43.2 Gigatonnes in 2040, a 34% increase.
  • 91% of the emissions growth will take place outside the OECD.

 

So, we have two sharply different perspectives of the future, the EIA’s projections of what probably will happen and the aspirations of the U.N. And many environmental groups as to what in their view should happen. Reducing emissions by 50% by 2050 to meet the U.N.’s vision would mean a global total of about 16 Gigatonnes, in contrast to the EIA’s projection of 43 Gigatonnes (Gt). The OECD countries – the United States, Canada, most of Europe, Japan, Australia and others – could eliminate 100% of their projected emissions of 14 Gt, and the world would still be over its target by 13 Gt.

 

Let me repeat that in a more striking way. You have probably heard before that, as Canada represents only 1.6% of global emissions, nothing that we do in this country will make any difference to the trends in global emissions or the resulting climate effects, if any. If the current projections of the united states EIA are correct, then not only Canada but also the entire OECD region could cease to emit, and the global emissions total would still be far above the levels the IPCC claims must be achieved.

 

With this as background, I would like to discuss three problems that now beset Canadians’ efforts to deal with climate change mitigation–the difficulty in choosing appropriate policy instruments, the excessive expectations concerning governments’ ability to deal with the climate issue, and the weakness of the federal government policy and planning process.

 

To my knowledge, there has never been a public policy issue as complex as climate change. The calls for massive and rapid emissions reductions would be daunting if they affected only a single commodity in one sector of the economy. Instead, they concern fundamental changes to global and national energy systems and infrastructure that have developed over the past century and longer. Almost every aspect of our current industrial, transportation, settlement, and commercial capital stock and infrastructure has developed based upon the availability of relatively low cost hydrocarbons.

 

Some advocates of rapid transformation believe that this can best be effected through the price mechanism. Unfortunately, fossil fuels stubbornly continue to be relatively plentiful and cheap. So, to retain the advantages of using market-based measures, the advocates recommend carbon taxes and cap and trade systems to reduce emissions. The federal government’s national carbon tax system imposes charges that will rise from $10 to $50 per tonne by 2022, and who knows to what levels after that.

 

Not surprisingly, the current carbon tax regime has run into political resistance. The opposition in parliament has asked some embarrassing questions. How much revenue will the carbon taxes raise? What will be the cost of living impact on the average family? How will the competitiveness of Canadian firms be affected? The government will not say. Even tougher questions remain. How much does the government think such taxes will actually reduce Canadian emissions? What will be the effect of that reduction on global emissions and on temperatures? How high will carbon taxes and fees have to go to achieve the 2030 and 2050 goals? The former National Roundtable on the Environment and the Economy projected that, to reach the 2050 goal, a carbon tax of at least $300 per tonne would be needed. That, at least, gives us some idea of where the tax level may be headed in future.

 

Even in the absence of satisfactory answers about future tax levels, the theory that allegedly justifies both carbon taxes and cap and trade systems fails in practice. Professor Ross McKitrick of the University of Guelph has explained why. First, a carbon tax is only desirable in theory if it acts as the replacement for the long list of regulations, programs and subsidies that are now in place; the federal, provincial and municipal governments, however, have no intention of removing those measures. Second, a carbon tax, to avoid damaging the economy, has to be genuinely revenue neutral, in the sense that the funds must be channeled back into the economy by lowering the rates of other broadly-based taxes, not by being used to fund a host of new programs and subsidies that benefit the “green” lobbyists and industries; while British Columbia claims to have done this, there is zero chance any other government will. Third, the size of the carbon tax has to be set at a rate that properly reflects the alternative cost of reducing emissions and the best estimate of what damage is being avoided by reducing emissions; the current federal tax has no connection to either of these standards. Fourth, there has to be credible evidence that the economic cost incurred will be offset by incremental improvement in the world’s environmental condition; Canada is too small an emitter to matter and, as I explained, Asian countries are rapidly increasing their emissions in any case. Finally, we should not set a new carbon tax burden on Canadian companies seeking to compete in international markets; proceeding here when we know the Americans will not impose a carbon tax is simply irresponsible. Many of the same problems apply to cap and trade systems.

 

I decided to explore further Professor McKitrick’s comment about the current list of regulations, programs and subsidies. There is not in Canada a comprehensive list of the measures that have been implemented by all orders of government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They have been increasing in number, reach and cost since 1988. I counted 37 different generic types of measures now in use. Large bureaucracies exist to design, implement, and (less frequently) evaluate these measures. They stretch like the tentacles of some vast octopus across every aspect of the Canadian economy and touch everyone’s life. As no one has ever established an inventory of the measures now in place or of those under consideration, no one knows how much these measures already cost Canadians. Two things are certain – they cost billions of dollars annually, and they are not going away soon, regardless of the taxes imposed on carbon. I might add a third certainty, which is that the government will continue to develop and implement more and more programs and regulations as time goes on.

 

Governments’ persistent reliance on what are generally called “direct action measures”, redundant if one believes in the efficacy of prices and taxes, indicates another tenet of the current climate change mitigation advocates. They strongly believe that governments have the institutional and knowledge capacity to manage the economy and to drive the pace of technological change. I referred earlier in my remarks to the wind, water and sun vision of Professors Jacobson and Delucci that has been extremely influential in supporting the 2050 targets. Jacobson and Delucci do not stop at setting out a list of promising technologies and visualizing the amount of renewable energy generation capacity needed to meet future demand. They set out detailed, quantified “roadmaps” of exactly which steps governments should take by which dates and of the resulting generation levels by 2050.

 

The adherents to the WWS vision express extraordinary optimism, verging on blind faith, in the pace at which scientific discoveries, technology applications, commercialization of new products, and market penetration through mass production will occur. They seem to think that, if something can be done and it has alleged environmental benefits, all that stands in the way of its mass commercialization is for governments to subsidize or regulate so as to achieve their preferred outcome.

 

In reality, of course, scientific breakthroughs do not come on a fixed schedule, and there is no direct relationship between the amount of money that society spends on research and the likelihood or timing of a discovery. If there were, cancer would have been cured long ago.

 

Dr. Peter Grossman, one of the foremost experts in the history of U.S. Energy policy, has described how over many years U.S. Policy makers referred to the Apollo program and the Manhattan project as models for the development of alternative energy technologies. The technologies they have promoted at great costs are the same ones being advocated today in the name of addressing alleged global warming – solar energy, wind energy, cellulosic ethanol, electric vehicles, etc. The Apollo Fallacy, as Grossman calls it, conflates an engineering problem with a commercial problem, and it actually deflects efforts (and funds) away from scientific research and advance and focuses them instead on grandiose social schemes. Among other things, programs to accelerate the demonstration and use of specific technologies have amounted to picking winners over losers, and governments have proved again and again and again that they are remarkably bad at that game.

 

There is an older term to describe what the advocates of rapid transformation want. It is called central planning. In fact, they seek the largest intrusion of state authority and central planning into the economy since the second world war.

 

For those with some knowledge of history, there is considerable irony here. The climate change issue came to public prominence around 1990. 1990 was also the year when the political systems of the former Soviet Union and its satellite states collapsed as a result of their internal contradictions, and especially the realization that central planning was a fundamentally flawed approach. How ironic it is that, at precisely the moment in history when the failures of central planning were laid bare for all to see, environmentalists should seize upon climate change as evidence that central planning was an idea whose time had come!

 

That confidence might be warranted if government climate change programs over the past twenty years had been wildly successful. Frankly, that has not been the Canadian experience. Instead, let me remind you of the conclusions reached by the federal government’s own monitor of program effectiveness, the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development.

 

Starting in 1998, the commissioner began to critique the government’s approach to managing emission reduction measures. In the seven reports that followed, there were five consistent themes.

 

  • First, the government has not created effective governance structures for managing climate change activities. In fact, there have been weaknesses in horizontal governance across departments, accountability and coordination.
  • Second, there has been, and remains, no overall implementation plan. The government has produced no estimate of the emission reductions expected from each sector. Without an implementation plan, industry, consumers and other levels of government lack a solid basis for knowing how to apply technology or make investment decisions.
  • Third, as a result, Canada cannot determine whether the targets for emissions reduction already announced will be met or how much it will cost to do so.
  • Fourth, there are few mechanisms in place to measure the performance of the emission-reduction measures that have been implemented so far.
  • Fifth, the federal and provincial governments do poorly in coordinating their approaches to emissions reduction.

 

In short, while there have been some exceptions, the federal government’s management of the climate change file has been a frustrating combination of good intentions, partisan politics and limited capacity to deliver.

 

Environmentalists often claim that what we need is an honest dialogue about climate change. What they really mean is that the general public should acquiesce with the thesis that human-induced global warming threatens a catastrophe and that reducing emissions should be given priority over all other public interest objectives.

 

I agree that we need an honest dialogue about climate change mitigation. It should start with the recognition that governments to date have publicly embraced emission reduction targets that are unachievable with present technology and at acceptable economic costs. We should acknowledge that we as a society have multiple goals of which environmental quality, however important one might think it is, represents only one. If we value our prosperity and unity as a federal, geographically diverse country, we must approach the climate change issue with a respect for all our collective goals.

 

The Canadian federation has resolved difficult controversies in the past, including those concerning the best response to international events. Historically, we have valued moderation and accommodation. This offers hope that we can avoid irreconcilable differences in future.

 

Much of Canada’s current political elite favours the pursuit of international goals over the steadfast promotion of the Canadian interest, whether on issues of trade, security or the environment. Never before, however, have we faced a situation in which commitment to an international objective May impose enormous and divisive costs on Canada for no discernable global environmental benefit. Climate change thus offers a clear dichotomy between the Canadian national interest and the global environmental agenda.

 

Which should we value higher? I, for one, choose Canada.

 

Thank you.

acyb04_19270077-eng 1927 map of canada w resources nrcan

1927 map of Canada’s wealth of natural and mineral resources.

via Friends of Science Calgary http://ift.tt/2on3Vep

May 10, 2017 at 02:45PM

Northeast at risk for freeze – Maybe snow

Northeast at risk for freeze – Maybe snow

via Ice Age Now
http://ift.tt/2qcAwB3


Conditions more typical of early April or March for an extended period. (I assume this is caused, of course, by global warming.)

A vortex could bring unseasonably chilly conditions and frost to the northeastern US into next week, according to AccuWeather.com.

Areas at risk for a frost or freeze will extend from part of the Great Lakes region to the central Appalachians and western New England early Wednesday morning.

There us even  a chance of wet snow in the mountains of eastern New York state and western New England.

http://ift.tt/2r3ueVr


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May 10, 2017 at 01:07PM