The Week That Was: 2023-07-22 (July 22, 2023)
Brought to You by SEPP (www.SEPP.org)
The Science and Environmental Policy Project
Quote of the Week: “Under this method, the theory that the world is flat is true if one uses only eyesight data and does not consider the voluminous other evidence that it is round.”— William Happer and Richard Lindzen
Number of the Week: Almost 5 billion people
THIS WEEK:
By Ken Haapala, President, Science and Environmental Policy Project (SEPP)
Scope: The issues discussed below include the following. Geoscientist Tom Gallagher second video on climate change with focuses on the Holocene (the last 11,000 years) is presented. On Friday, TWTW came across an important submission by Professor emeriti William Happer and Richard Lindzen to the EPA on its proposed power plant regulations. Happer and Lindzen discuss the utter failure of the EPA to apply the scientific method. This finding eliminated other proposed topics including other government failures to apply the scientific method. The last TWTW produced some interesting comments, two of which will be discussed.
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Changing Earth: Last week, TWTW reviewed the first part of a three-part series (incorrectly stated as a two-part series) on sixty-six million years of climate change from the perspective of geoscientist Tom Gallagher. The history relies on deep sea borings in the sediments around the world showing that the shells of tiny ocean creatures capture the O18 and O16 ratios found at the surface of the oceans. These ratios have been used for decades as a proxy to estimate changing temperatures. Further, the sediments reveal changing C13 and C12 ratios. Carbon dioxide from volcanoes has a high C13 content compared to carbon dioxide from burning vegetation or fossil fuels.
The original paper by Westerhold, et al. stated that the data show there were five distinct steps of temperatures starting with Warmhouse, from the beginning of the Cenozoic Era from about 66 million years ago to about 56 million years ago with the beginning of the Eocene Epoch, a distinctly warmer period called the Hothouse. Then came a general decline in temperatures with the East Antarctic forming about 34 million years ago in another stage, called Coolhouse. a long period of stable temperatures ended with the Miocene Climate Optimum (about 14 million years ago) when the West Antarctic Ice Sheet began to form. The temperatures continued to decline, with variation until about 3.3 million years ago with the formation of the Northern Ice Sheet. In general, temperatures have fallen since, with even stronger variation. The Westerhold paper identifies the last step as Icehouse Earth.
The Westerhold paper claims that the changes in the five stages were related to carbon dioxide (CO2). Willis Eschenbach plotted a timeline showing these four different levels of temperature more clearly. This graph clearly shows that in each step, the CO2 concentrations varied considerably. For example, in the 20-million-year step, from 34 to 13.9 million years ago called Coolhouse, CO2 varied significantly from over 800 parts per million (ppm) to a little less than 300 ppm. Thus, the data in the Westerhold paper contradict the conclusions of the paper, that the changes is temperature steps were caused by changes in CO2 concentrations.
Tom Gallagher applied his knowledge of changing land masses to show that the changing steps were caused by changing ocean currents determined by changing land masses – Continental Drift. In general, the strong East-West equatorial ocean current was blocked in stages. These changes included the opening of the Drake Passageway between South America and Antarctica, and the opening of the Arctic to water flow from the Atlantic, The final blocking came with the closing of the Panamanian Seaway. These blockings caused today’s north-south ocean flow called the Thermohaline Circulation. These changes are well documented in the literature to include The Ocean In Human Affairs edited by S. Fred Singer (1990). For example, in the Atlantic the Surface Current flows north, causing the Gulf Stream which keeps Europe warm. Because more water evaporates from the North Atlantic than falls into it, the northward-moving water gets saltier and colder. It sinks, becoming a deep-water southbound current, driving the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt throughout the world. The ocean currents are important for understanding climate.
Gallagher states the climate change is caused by:
• Solar cycles – The sun controls the energy system; Solar cycles govern longer-term timing of climate change.
• Oceans control energy storage
• Water in all phases drives the energy cycle of Climate.
• Continental Drift has shaped major steps in climate change over the past 67 million years.
• CO2 and Temperature proxies do not correlate in paleoclimate data.
• Until recently, CO2 was produced by volcanoes and oceans, with volcanoes heavy in C-13
• Catalysts such as Clouds (Albedo) and vegetation modify cycles.
Also, he asserts that there have been two climatic states over the past 3.5 million years:
- The Default Condition: Dry, Dusty, Cold, and Glacial
- The Current Condition: Wet, Warm, Non-glacial Times when Vegetation and Civilization thrive.
We are now in the latest warm condition, The Holocene Epoch during the Icehouse period known as the Quaternary. (Note, Gallagher does not stick to the definitions of Global Boundaries given in the International Chronostratigraphic Chart by the International Commission on Stratigraphy.)
The second video focuses on the relatively short period of warmth we are in now, the Holocene, now lasting the last 11,000 years, which followed a long period of extensive glaciation. He introduces several new ways of understanding the mechanisms which affect climate and demonstrates that carbon dioxide concentrations are not a major factor.
Gallagher asserts that water in all its phases drives the energy cycle, the importance of phase shifts from ice, liquid, and gas and the amount of energy that can be stored. Temperature is controlled by the sun, oceans, and continental drift and CO2 was at its lowest in Holocene Climate Optimum about 8000 years ago.
Temperatures were highest when the tilt of the earth was 24.3 degrees, now we are at 23.5 degrees. Today solar activity (from beryllium, Be-10) is above normal, similar to Holocene maximum. Gallagher shows 1200-year cycles from Greenland Ice borings with the Minoan, Roman, Medieval and Current Warm Periods getting cooler.
However, over the last 4000 years, temperatures have been declining even though carbon dioxide and methane have been increasing. The cooling is related to the changing tilt of the earth, even though a chart of Total Solar Irradiance derived from Be 10 and C-14 shows high solar activity even during the Little Ice Age.
Gallagher presents a slide showing the shifting Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). During the Holocene Optimum, 10,000 to 5500 years ago, the ITCZ was north of where it is today, with the great deserts of North Africa and Asia receiving Monsoon rains. (HH Lamb in Climate, History, and the Modern World concluded the same for Africa and speculated that it probably would include Asia). Then the ITCZ shifted south, yielding current conditions.
Gallagher states that water has the lowest albedo of the Earth Surfaces, but the highest absorption, especially in the shortest frequencies, the UV bands. And dry air has little effect on the climate. Climate modelers do not include and document the dominant driver of changing climate – water. Yet the energy storage of the ocean is many times that of air. He demonstrates this by showing that it is the oceans that define the boundaries of the feared, cold Polar Vortex that often reaches Texas.
He states that the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a big driver of weather / climate with a strong rise since the Little Ice Age. El Niño and La Niña are mirror images, with one following the other. After going through the importance of changing ocean currents in determining weather / climate, Gallagher states that the Atmosphere is like a “Leaky Radiator Cap” with the lower troposphere dominated by Water Vapor/ Ocean Energy. Water Vapor is 10,000 to 40,000 ppm, (compared to CO2 at today’s 410 ppm). Lighter than air and buoyant, water stores energy in phase changes: from solid, to liquid, to vapor.
Gallagher states that some founders of the greenhouse gas theory, such as Arrhenius tried to establish that it was needed to preserve the temperatures of the Earth – prevent Ice Ages. But they were wrong. Further, they did not understand photosynthesis, which was not understood until the 1930s.
Gallagher has a lengthy discussion of the role of carbon dioxide and water and how carbon dioxide, which is a heavy gas, needs to combine with water vapor, which is a light gas, to rise through the troposphere. He discusses the importance of this chemical combination, Carbonic Acid, to plants for photosynthesis. After additional discussion, he asserts that the global climate modelers must re-think the assumptions in their models. They have the relative importance of water vapor and carbon dioxide backwards.
Gallagher goes through models using MOTRAN (MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission computer code) but comes to conclusions similar to those by Van Wijngaarden and Happer, presented in previous TWTWs, who used the higher resolution HITRAN (high-resolution transmission molecular absorption database). Gallagher concludes this video by stating:
- During the HOLOCENE (the last 11,000 years), Temperature and CO2 concentration are NOT LINKED
- Temperature is linked to Solar Activity
- Temperature is linked to Water Vapor
- The ITCZ moves N or S seasonally and climatically with the tilt of the earth.
- Existing models have Large Energy Error Limits, given poor definition of small energy imbalance outcomes.
- Existing models exclude Ocean Energy Storage System and Clouds
- Solar activity drives Ocean Water Energy Absorption and Currents
- Atmospheric analysis needs to include Carbonic Acid products, not just CO2.
- Analysis needs to include Rain pH, Carbonic Anhydrase, and Plant Cycle
- Water Vapor dominates the absorption bands of both Carbonic Acid and CO2
- CO2 appears to radiate and cool the upper atmosphere.
See links under Challenging the Orthodoxy.
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Controlling Energy Use: The EPA’s comment period regarding its new rules on energy use for generating electricity is closing Monday. Using false claims that burning fossil fuels and the resulting carbon dioxide are dangerous to humanity, the EPA is trying to close reliable electricity generation in favor of unreliable, expensive wind and solar. Professors emeriti Happer and Lindzen submitted a polite, scientific rebuttal objecting to this effort. The Summary states: [Emphasis in original, citations omitted]
“A. EPA Failed to Consider Important Aspects of Climate Change.
In our opinion, the EPA’s Proposed Rule entirely fails to follow the State Farm mandate [Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.], (and that of the scientific method) to consider each important aspect and relevant data on the issue of climate change.
A cornerstone of modern administrative law, the Supreme Court’s State Farm decision defines as arbitrary and capricious an agency rulemaking where, inter alia, “the agency has … entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency.” 463 U.S. at 42.
Time and again, courts have applied State Farm’s principles to invalidate agency rules where the agency failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, or cherry-picked data to support a preordained conclusion. See, e.g., Dept. of Homeland Sec. v. Regents of the Univ. of Calif., 140 S. Ct. 1891, 1913 (2020) (an agency official “‘entirely failed to consider … [an] important aspect of the problem.’” and that “omission alone renders … [the official’s] decision arbitrary and capricious”); Am. Clinical Lab’s Assn v. Becerra, 40 F.4th 616, 625 (D.C. Cir. 2022) (agency rule deemed arbitrary and capricious where “the agency, without adequate explanation, exempted a sizable portion of the laboratories covered by the statute from data reporting requirements”); Natl. Lifeline Assn v. FCC, 921 F.3d 1102, 1112 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (agency rule deemed arbitrary and capricious where agency departed from its “prior forbearance policy without reasoned explanation and failing to consider key aspects of the program”).
The Proposed Rule flunks this basic requirement by entirely failing to consider several important aspects of climate change and relevant data:
Further, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere create more food for people worldwide, including more food for people in drought-stricken areas. To illustrate, increases in carbon dioxide over the past two centuries since the Industrial Revolution, from about 280 parts per million (ppm) to about 420 ppm, caused an approximate 20% increase in the food available to people worldwide, as well as increased greening of the planet and a benign warming in temperature.
Second, Fossil Fuel’s Extraordinary Social Benefits. Fossil fuels also have extraordinary social benefits. They are indispensable in creating nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides that feed nearly half the world; their combustion releases carbon dioxide and thus increases plant growth via increased CO2 fertilization effect, creating more food worldwide; and they provide the most reliable, efficient, and low-cost energy for many uses, including the production of 61% of the nation’s electricity.
Third, The Consequences of Net Zero Are Disastrous. Corresponding to these benefits are the disastrous consequences that would flow from “net zeroing” fossil fuels and carbon dioxide and eliminating the enormous social benefits they provide, including the disastrous consequences of eliminating 61% of the nation’s electricity provided by fossil fuel power plants.
The number of people worldwide who are moderately or severely food insecure is 2.3 billion, including over 900 million who face severe food insecurity. Each ton of carbon dioxide emissions eliminated reduces the amount of food available worldwide. “Net zero” would reduce carbon emissions by over 40 gigatons (Gt) every year, and consequently would proportionally reduce the amount of food produced. As to fossil fuels, one of us (Happer) has made clear that without the “use of inorganic [nitrogen] fertilizers” derived from fossil fuels, the world simply “will not achieve the food supply needed to support 8.5 to 10 billion people,”5 resulting in widespread starvation.
Fourth, The Scientific Method Proves There Is No Risk That Fossil Fuels and Carbon Dioxide Will Cause Catastrophic Warming and Extreme Weather.
• All of the models that predict catastrophic global warming fail the key test of the scientific method: they grossly overpredict the warming versus actual data.
• 600 million years of data prove that today’s CO2 level of 420 parts per million (ppm) is very low, not high.
• 600 million years of data show that higher levels of CO2 do not cause or even correlate with higher temperatures.
• Even at today’s relatively low levels, atmospheric CO2 is now “heavily saturated,” in physics terms, meaning that additional increases in atmospheric CO2 can have little warming effect.
B. EPA and Numerous Studies It Relies On Do Not Use the Scientific Method.
As a corollary to the arbitrary and capricious rule under State Farm, an agency must use reliable scientific methods to reach its conclusions. As Daubert emphasized, “any and all scientific testimony or evidence admitted … [must be] not only relevant, but reliable.” Id. at 589.
Here the EPA relies on a number of studies, cited, and analyzed below, that do not use the scientific method and therefore are not reliable. Instead, all use what we call the “Unscientific Method”: consensus, peer review, government opinion from the International Panel on Climate Change (“IPCC”), models that do not work, falsifying data by omitting contradictory data, and fabrication of supporting data. None of this produces scientific knowledge; only the scientific method does.
In science, omitting contradictory data is such an egregious violation of the scientific method that it is deemed “falsification.” It is illustrated by what can be called the “world is flat analysis,” which involves cherry-picking a limited set of favorable data and then failing to consider contradictory evidence. Under this method, the theory that the world is flat is true if one uses only eyesight data and does not consider the voluminous other evidence that it is round.
The Unscientific Method of analysis, relying on consensus, peer review, government opinion, models that do not work, cherry-picking data and omitting voluminous contradictory data, is commonly employed in these studies and by the EPA in the Proposed Rule. None of the studies provides scientific knowledge, and thus none provides any scientific support for the Proposed Rule.
For all of these reasons, the Proposed Rule should not be adopted.”
[Note: The statement: “Under this method, the theory that the world is flat is true if one uses only eyesight data and does not consider the voluminous other evidence that it is round” applies to a great deal of “science” now coming from Washington.] After presenting about 40 pages of evidence substantiating their statements, Happer and Lindzen conclude:
“Conclusions.
In sum, the EPA has acted arbitrarily and capriciously in what it has failed to consider and what it has considered as the basis for the Proposed Rule.
EPA has failed to consider critical aspects and data that reflect the enormous social benefits of CO2, the enormous social benefits of fossil fuels, the scientific proof that there is no danger of catastrophic global warming from the use of fossil fuels and resulting CO2 emissions, and the disastrous consequences of restricting or eliminating them, including eliminating 61% of electricity in the United States provided by fossil fuel electricity plants. Under State Farm and its progeny, failing to consider such crucial aspects of the problem that the rule purports to address are the hallmark of arbitrary and capricious agency action.
EPA, by the same token, has erred by relying on data and other unscientific sources that only worsen its failures stated above. Consensus, peer review, government opinion from the IPCC, models that do not work, omission of contradictory data, and fabrication of supporting data do not pass muster under even the basic principles of the scientific method and do not provide scientific knowledge. These flimsy methods of analysis should not provide the foundation for far-reaching national environmental policy.
Taken together, the EPA’s proposed Fossil Fuel Power Plant rule is fatally flawed and should not be adopted, or at minimum must be revised from the ground up. As scientists, we urge the EPA to change course from the fraught path it has outlined in the Proposed Rule.”
See links under Challenging the Orthodoxy for the Press Release and the Comments, and links under Defending the Orthodoxy for the EPA notice in the Federal Register.
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Additions and Corrections: Richard Courtney, a long-time critic of Global Warming fear, wrote that TWTW’s criticism of the Met Office last week omitted his 2009 statement to the UK Parliament on Climategate which included:
“The email [from University of East Anglia] demonstrates that six years ago the self-titled ‘Team’ knew the estimates of average global temperature (mean global temperature, MGT) were worthless and they acted to prevent publication of proof of this.”
Courtney subsequently wrote TWTW: [emphasis in original]
“In my opinion the important point is that there is no agreed definition of how measurement sites should be selected, weighted, and combined to provide an average temperature of a region, the hemisphere, or the globe. In the absence of any possibility of an independent calibration standard the lack of definition means the data can be – and are – misused to support any desired narrative because measurement sites have different warming or cooling trends.”
TWTW can’t agree more. There is no “global temperature” or an agreed upon means of calculating one. For the original statement to Parliament see: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/387b/387we02.htm?fbclid=IwAR2nVwXpbS00YWvm2Qtn0Wex7ekDAR_5nz9SwKQXSJLcMqFNJlRSQJ9LuC0
Ken Towe writes:
“All biogenic carbonates (not just plankton) contain sequestered CO2. Together with buried organic biomass (fossil fuels) they are responsible for the large increases in atmospheric oxygen and the loss (burial) of atmospheric CO2 over geologic time. The percentage ratio of O2 to CO2 is now 525-to-one. In the early Archean, almost 4 billion years ago, it was the reverse.
“That’s why carbon capture and geological storage technology is currently fashionable…bury permanently CO2 taken directly from the atmosphere. The problem (an omission of relevant data?) is that not enough CO2 can be stored to affect the climate. It’s an energy-expensive heavily subsidized scam because barely even one ppm of atmospheric CO2 could be stored by 2050… and transportation fuels are needed…”
So much for carbon capture and storage (CCS), except in special circumstances such as capturing CO2 from power plants to pump it into oil and gas fields to increase recovery of the oil and gas.
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Number of the Week: Almost 5 billion people. Terry Etam writes:
“Ten or fifteen years ago, a group of countries – Brazil, Russia, India China, and South Africa – formed what should have been BRICSA but for whatever reason they settled on BRICS. The original group took shape only as a method of attracting investment by highlighting opportunities, but over time it morphed into a more concrete organization, with their governments meeting regularly to develop policies that would benefit all members.”
“In a startling sign of some of that change people talk about, the number of BRICS applicants reading for the hazing rituals has grown to a shocking 41 countries. The original BRICS group had about 3.2 billion citizens; the new applicants will add another 1.7 billion bringing the total BRICS population – if all join – to almost 5 billion people.
“Compare this total to ‘the west’s’ population; if one includes philosophical teammates like Japan and Australia in the count along with western Europe, the US and Canada gives a population of under 1 billion.”
And John Kerry can’t understand why Paramount leader of China, Xi Jinping, didn’t bother to meet with him? See links under Problems in the Orthodoxy
NEWS YOU CAN USE:
Censorship
All a-twitter
By John Robson, Climate Discussion Nexus, July 19, 2023
“… [How to Save Our Planet] ‘Maslin says he used to have regular meetings with Sean Boyle, Twitter’s former head of sustainability, who was laid off in Musk’s mass cull of staff shortly after he began his takeover in April 2022. Maslin said Boyle discussed the platform’s work to develop ways of ensuring that trusted information was pushed to the top.’”
YouTube suppressed this pushback video on heat wave alarmism – let’s give it a second life
From Jim Lakely, Via WUWT, Jully 18, 2023
“Hottest day Ever!”
Challenging the Orthodoxy — NIPCC
Climate Change Reconsidered II: Physical Science
Idso, Carter, and Singer, Lead Authors/Editors, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), 2013
Summary: https://www.heartland.org/_template-assets/documents/CCR/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf
Climate Change Reconsidered II: Biological Impacts
Idso, Idso, Carter, and Singer, Lead Authors/Editors, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), 2014
http://climatechangereconsidered.org/climate-change-reconsidered-ii-biological-impacts/
Summary: https://www.heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-IIb/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf
Climate Change Reconsidered II: Fossil Fuels
By Multiple Authors, Bezdek, Idso, Legates, and Singer eds., Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, April 2019
http://store.heartland.org/shop/ccr-ii-fossil-fuels/
Download with no charge:
Why Scientists Disagree About Global Warming
The NIPCC Report on the Scientific Consensus
By Craig D. Idso, Robert M. Carter, and S. Fred Singer, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), Nov 23, 2015
http://climatechangereconsidered.org/
Download with no charge:
Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate
S. Fred Singer, Editor, NIPCC, 2008
http://www.sepp.org/publications/nipcc_final.pdf
Global Sea-Level Rise: An Evaluation of the Data
By Craig D. Idso, David Legates, and S. Fred Singer, Heartland Policy Brief, May 20, 2019
Paleoclimatology, Part 2
By Tom Gallagher, Video, Accessed July 19, 2023
This is the second video of a 3-part series of lectures given by Tom Gallagher as he explores the various factors which have caused the earth’s climate to vary over the years. This lecture focuses on the Holocene Period (last 11,000 years), right up to today. He introduces several new ways of understanding the mechanisms which affect climate and demonstrates that carbon dioxide concentrations are not the major factor.
By Tom Gallagher, Video, Accessed May 17, 2023
Link to paper: An astronomically dated record of Earth’s climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years
By Thomas Westerhold, et al. (over 20 co-authors), AAAS Science, Sep 11, 2020
CO2 Coalition Submits Comment on EPA’s Proposed Power Plant Regulations as Dangerous and Unscientific
Press Release, CO2 Coalition, July 21, 2023
Link to comments: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
By William Happer, Richard Lindzen, CO2 Coalition, July 19, 2023
“The comments cite cases of the U.S. Supreme Court requiring that scientific knowledge ‘be derived by the scientific method’ and that an agency consider important aspects of a problem and relevant data for a rule not to be considered ‘arbitrary and capricious.’ The EPA has failed to meet both requirements, said the professors [Happer and Lindzen].”
[SEPP Comment: Comments are due July 24] https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/05/23/2023-10141/new-source-performance-standards-for-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-new-modified-and-reconstructed
Clintel Report: more confidence we should have less confidence in models
By John Robson, Climate Discussion Nexus, July 19, 2023
“Chapter 8 of the Clintel Report on the IPCC’s AR6 presents a review by Guelph University’s Ross McKitrick of how well computer climate models compare to observations. The evidence that these models predict too much heating in the Earth’s atmosphere is pretty much indisputable (see our video on Trouble in the Tropical Troposphere for a quick overview). Every one of them exhibits too much warming, and the bias shows up even when programmers tweak their creations to try and reproduce the known sea surface warming trend (which the models also overstate). With so much evidence of model bias the IPCC has finally, reluctantly, bumped up their confidence that the models exaggerate warming.”
Refresher: GHG Theory and the Tests It Fails
By Ron Clutz, Science Matters, July 18, 2023
[SEPP Comment: Includes findings by Happer, et al. and Christy, et al.]
Models wrong again: Looks like Climate Change is making rainfall *less* intense globally
By Jo Nova, Her Blog, July 17, 2023
Link to paper: Climatology and changes in internal intensity distributions of global precipitation systems over 2001–2020 based on IMERG
By Yan Zhang a, Runze Li, and Kaicun Wang, Journal of Hydrology, May 2023
Form the abstract: “Upon further investigation of the core-region intensity of precipitation systems, the small- and medium-size precipitation systems both exhibit significant decreases during 2001–2020 with trends at −1.13 and −2 mm/h per century, respectively. The large-size precipitation systems exhibit nonsignificant increasing trends during 2001–2020.”
[SEPP Comment; The lead author is at College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, the third author at College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing. No doubt the paper will be ignored by Western scientists. And Western politicians won’t understand why the leaders of China do not follow pet theories of the West.]
American Midwest: Life in America’s Breadbasket is Good and Getting Better
By Staff, CO2 Coalition, July 17, 2023
Link to: The American Midwest and Climate Change: Life in America’s breadbasket is good and getting better
By Patrick Michaels, et al, CO2 Coalition.org, June 2023
From Summary: “Assertions by the 4th U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA4) that the American Midwest will suffer negative effects – some catastrophic – from climate change are scientifically invalid and contrary to reality.”
[SEPP Comment: It is good to see the colleagues of SEPP director Pat Michaels completed work Michaels was doing when he died.]
Heatwave hysteria
Climate change extremism and the tendency to alarm first and analyse later is destroying clear and thoughtful environmental reporting.
By David Whitehouse, Net Zero Watch, July 21, 2023
Defending the Orthodoxy
New Source Performance Standards for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From New, Modified, and Reconstructed Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Existing Fossil Fuel-Fired Electric Generating Units; and Repeal of the Affordable Clean Energy Rule
Notice in Federal Register, on A Proposed Rule by the Environmental Protection Agency
Comment Period ending July 24, 2023
Defending the Orthodoxy – Bandwagon Science
The strange glee over the European heatwave
By Ross Clark, The Spectator, July 18, 2023 [H/t Paul Homewood]
“So, there. Whether it is hot, cold, or somewhere in between, it is all a sign of rapidly accelerating climate change. Curious.”
Questioning the Orthodoxy
Physicist: Physics Laws ‘Neglected’ In Climate Models…Doubled CO2 Leads To 0.6°C Warming
By Kenneth Richard, No Tricks Zone, July 20, 2023
Link to book chapter: Energetics of the Earth
By Boris M. Smirnov, Global Energetics of the Atmosphere, Jan 1, 2022
Inferno Earth 1998
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 18, 2023
[SEPP Comment: University of Maine’s climate re-analyzer.]
‘Hottest Days’ Manipulation?
By Steve Milloy, JunkScience.com, Via WUWT, July 16, 2023
See link immediately above.
New Greenland ice sheet study shows why it’s called “climate idiocy.”
A new study reports that Northwest Greenland was ice free 400,000 years ago when the atmospheric CO2 level was an estimated 286 ppm. But the study authors don’t look at that finding the same way you probably do.
By Steve Milloy, JunkScience.com, July 20, 2023
[SEPP Comment: Gallagher reports that the bulk of Greenland ice is less than 120,000 years old (formed after the Eocene warm period) This study is based on findings at Camp Century, which was built in thick ice, that was thought to be stable. It was not.]
Corruption Of Science By Money And Power
By Geoffrey Sherrington, WUWT, July 18, 2023
“‘In American laboratories and universities, the spirit of Trofim Lysenko has suddenly been woke.’”
DAVID BLACKMON: Here’s What Our Climate Overlords Fail To Understand About Fossil Fuels
By David Blackmon, Daily Caller News Foundation, July 15, 2023 [H/t WUWT]
Link to analysis, Back To Earth: Reality of the Energy Transition
Bullish for oil and gas (11 charts)
By Anas Alhajii, Energy Outlook Advisors, July 13, 2023
“Coal remains the dominant source of electricity in India and China.”
Energy and Environmental Review: July 17, 2023
By John Droz, Jr., Master Resource, July 17, 2023
After Paris!
Greatest emitter in world says it will “follow it’s own path” which means, emissions-on-a-rocket, and no one cares
By Jo Nova, Her Blog, July 20, 2023
BRICS and Nukes and LNG – the energy transition few are expecting
By Terry Etam, BOE Report, July 11, 2023 [H/t WUWT]
Kerry Returns from China without a Climate Deal, or Even a Meeting with Xi
By Eric Worrall, WUWT, July 20, 2023
[SEPP Comment: Did Xi say (politely): our scientists use physical evidence not computer imagined results?]
Climate Expert: Climate Change Is Not To Blame For Everything
By P Gosselin, No Tricks Zone, July 15, 2023
“In her work at Imperial College London and in the World Weather Attribution team, [Friederike] Otto researches the extent to which extreme weather events are actually consequences of the climate crisis. In Zeit’s interview, she says: ‘I see a tendency to attribute every unusual weather event completely to climate change.’”
[SEPP Comment: The team erred when it attributed Ahr Valley flooding to CO2, when a greater flood was recorded in the early 1800s.]
Seeking a Common Ground
The 2015 major El Nino was predicted years in advance using a lunar cycle
By Javier Vinós, Climate Etc. July 18, 2023
[SEPP Comment: If replicated, it may be a significant advance in weather prediction.]
Science, Policy, and Evidence
Government renewables dogma is blocking only viable solutions to the UK’s energy crisis
Press Release, Net Zero Watch, July 19, 2023
“Ignorant policy support for wind and solar has resulted in over-dependence on imported natural gas. To remedy this, government must abandon wind and solar, and put the UK’s energy supply back on a thermodynamically sound footing by permitting further exploration for gas (and oil) in the North Sea as well as onshore through hydraulic fracturing.”
America’s Mineral Strategy Is Missing American Mining
By Rich Nolan, Real Clear Energy, July 20, 2023
Model Issues
Yes, No, Maybe – but Its Going to be Something! Settled Climate Science in 2023
By Eric Worrall, WUWT, July 15, 2023
Measurement Issues — Surface
The Urban Heat Island Effect in GHCN Station Temperatures: Urban Locations show Large Spurious Warming Effects
By Roy Spencer, His Blog, July17, 2023
North Atlantic Warming June 2023
By Ron Clutz, Science Matters, July 19, 2023
Link to glossary: Glossary and Acronyms
Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array, NOAA, Accessed July 20, 2023
Record Temperature In China Not All It Seems
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 18, 2023
“I have managed to track down the location of Sanbao. As best as I can zoom in, it appears to be around 130 feet below sea level.”
[SEPP Comment: 52.2C is 126F, close but not up to Death Valley standards.]
Corrupting Data Through Homgenization
By Tony Heller, His Blog, July 19, 2023
Changing Weather
Is Global Warming Causing Massive Heatwaves?
By Cliff Mass, Weather Blog, July 20, 2023
Ryan Maue Puts Yesterday’s US EXTREME HEAT in Context
By Charles Rotter, UWT, July 17, 2023
“In terms of historical context, this might be the hottest day across the U.S. since last year.”
Thermageddon Week
By Steven Hayward, Power Line, July 18, 2023
Temperature-related mortality risk in Iran
By John Robson, Climate Discussion Nexus, July 19, 2023
From the CO2Science Archive:
“Writing as background for their study, Sharafkhani et al. (2019) say that ‘the impact of Diurnal Temperature Range [DTR] on human health is not well understood.’”
A heatwave isn’t the end of the world
By Tomas Fazi, UnHerd, July 18, 2023 [H/t Paul Homewood]
Don’t Be Fooled! Here’s How NOAA Perpetuates A Climate Crisis Rainfall Myth
By Guest Blogger, WUWT, July 20, 2023
“So the next time the media and alarmist scientists try to convince you a flood was due to global warming go to https://ift.tt/4YDcZn6 where an interactive weather map from the US National Weather Service will allow you to see the relationship between temperature and TPW [Total Precipitable Water] and how atmospheric circulation concentrates moisture and how it changes over time despite the same CO2 concentrations.”
Changing Climate – Cultures & Civilizations
Untold Story of Climate’s Holocene Gift to Humanity
By Vijay Jayaraj, CO2 Coalition, July 14, 2023
Changing Seas
Scientists say Florida Keys coral reefs are already bleaching as water temperatures hit record highs.
By Terry Spencer and Patrick Whittle, AP, July 21, 2023
“De La Cour said she has no doubt that the warming waters are caused by human-made global warming and that needs to be fixed for coral to survive.
“’If we do not reduce the greenhouse gas emissions we are emitting and don’t reduce the greenhouse gases that are already in the atmosphere, we are creating a world where coral reefs cannot exist, no matter what we do,’ she said.”
[SEPP Comment: Jacqueline De La Cour is operations manager for NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch program. Jennifer Marohasy and others have clearly shown that bleaching is a nature response to changing water temperatures. NOAA doesn’t realize the hottest sea, the Coral Sea, has Coral.]
Changing Cryosphere – Land / Sea Ice
Normal Arctic Ice Mid July 2023
By Ron Clutz, Science Matters, July 17, 2023
New Study Finds Greenland’s 1929-’31 Temps, Ice Extent, Snow Line ‘Comparable’ To Recent Decades
By Kenneth Richard, No Tricks Zone, July 17, 2023
Link to article: Learning from Alfred Wegener’s pioneering field observations in West Greenland after a century of climate change
By J. Abermann, Nature, Scientific Reports, May 23, 2023
More Barents Sea polar bear habitat at mid-July 2023 than in 2012 despite more atmospheric CO2
By Susan Crockford, Polar Bear Science, July 17, 2023
“Yet contrary to predictions, which insisted that protracted poor ice conditions in summer would inevitably result in catastrophic rates of starvation and death (Amstrup et al. 2007; Crockford 2017, 2019), polar bears in the Svalbard region have so far not had any documented any harm to their health or population size. In fact, field data show bears in Svalbard are in better condition than they were in the late 1990s (Lippold et al. 2019), almost certainly due to the documented increase in primary productivity that has resulted from longer ice-free summers since 2003 (Frey et al. 2022; Crockford 2023).”
Agriculture Issues & Fear of Famine
UN report on growing world hunger criticised for climate hype
Press Release, Net Zero Watch, July 15, 2023
Lowering Standards
Heatwaves and the Loopy Jetstream
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 19, 2023
YouTube: “The Met Office explains how the loopy jet stream is causing the current spate of heatwaves and non-heatwaves!”
The IEA’s Net Zero Pathway Is Economically Illiterate
By Levi Russell, Real Clear Energy, July 19, 2023
The BBC has co-opted bad weather to its alarmist climate crusade
By Matt Ridley, His Blog, July 19, 2023
Communicating Better to the Public – Use Yellow (Green) Journalism?
Dishonest Climate Fear-mongering headline of the week goes to USA TODAY
By Jim Steele, WUWT, July 16, 2023
“But if you read the article Climate Variability and Socioeconomic Consequences of Vermont’s Natural Hazards: A Historical Perspective published by the Vermont Historical Society in 2002, you would realize the natural truth of Vermont’s flooding.
“The article states: ‘One of the most pervasive hazards that impinges upon and marks the Vermont landscape is flooding…’”
Media Chases ‘Climate Enhanced’ Heat Waves, Misses Data Showing They are Less Frequent
By Anthony Watts, Climate Realism, July 17, 2023
The Atlantic: “Vermont Was Supposed to Be a Climate Haven”
By Eric Worrall, WUWT, July 21, 2023
So, about those fires…
By John Robson, Climate Discussion Nexus, July 19, 2023
“The Atlantic asked ‘How Long Will Canada Burn?’ though we are in Canada and had the author asked we could have told her ‘Canada’ is not on fire, just a few bits of our vast forest.”
Go jump in the lake
By John Robson, Climate Discussion Nexus, July 19, 2023
“Even The Economist got into the act, or the pond, with ‘A Canadian lake could mark the start of humanity’s geological epoch/ Plutonium, carbon and plastic mark a new phase in Earth’s history’. Carbon? Really? You don’t find that supposed pollutant before 1950?”
Neil Oliver: “Fear mongering” over high temperatures is an ‘incessant attempt to keep us frightened’
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 19, 2023
Video
The Hill Should Check Their Data, Weather is Not Getting Worse
By Linnea Lueken, Climate Realism, July 20, 2023
“The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) quickly put out a notice as the erroneous claim was going viral, stating that the reanalyzer is “not suitable” for the purpose of cataloguing real-world temperature. It is not an official NOAA product, and the University of Maine’s reanalyzer website itself put up a notice saying that it should not be considered an official observational record.”
Communicating Better to the Public – Exaggerate, or be Vague?
Antarctic Heatwaves 1998 Style
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 19, 2023
[SEPP Comment: July 6, the hottest day ever! Just see Antarctica burn!]
Britain Set To Bask In Blistering 9-Week Heatwave (Or Maybe Not!)
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 16, 2023
Communicating Better to the Public – Make things up.
CRED Finally Admit There Never Was An Increase In Natural Disasters
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 16, 2023
“As some of us have been pointing out for years, there never was an increasing trend in the number of disasters. The apparent increase was simply due to many events not being officially recorded in the past.
“Will the UN, WMO, BBC or all of the others who have peddled these pretty obvious falsehoods now apologise?”
[SEPP Comment: The 50-year-old organization, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) is sponsored by USAID]
file:///C:/Users/Owner/Downloads/CredCrunch71.pdf
Europe’s “48°C Horror That Never Was”…ESA, Media Sharply Criticized For Manipulative Reporting
By P Gosselin, No Tricks Zone, July 19, 2023
“’Land surface temperature is how hot the ‘surface’ of Earth feels to the touch. Air temperature, given in our daily weather forecasts, is a measure of how hot the air is above the ground.’
“The ESA did not bother to mention how the surface temperature is much hotter than the 2 meter air temperature.”
[SEPP Comment: Frying an egg on the pavement is different that frying it in the air?]
Earth To Become Inferno–Sky News
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 17, 2023
“I suspect stories like this are going round all of the media:”
Communicating Better to the Public – Use Propaganda
Excess heat killed tens of thousands of Europeans this century
By John Robson, Climate Discussion Nexus, July 19, 2023
“Of course there’s nothing global warming cannot do, including freeze people to death, so naturally the authors speculate that: ‘As climate change is expected to increase the burden of hot days and add unprecedented cold and heat events at high risks of causing deaths, these results allow for an accurate representation of the risks caused by changes in temperature.’”
[SEPP Comment: The study of 854 urban areas in The Lancet was discussed in last week’s TWTW. It reported that deaths from cold where ten times more than from heat.]
Tidbits
By John Robson, Climate Discussion Nexus, July 19, 2023
“In case you were nostalgic for, say, 8 years to save the planet as announced by then-Prince Charles in, oops, 2009, now-King Charles and the mayor of London launched a ‘Climate Clock’ that will count down the years, days, hours, minutes and yes seconds to 2030 in case your calendar, watch and computer are all broken. (There are 150 of them around the UK in case the problem is widespread.)”
Unprecedented Propaganda
By Tony Heller, His Blog, July 19, 2023
[SEPP Comment: In the article: “Phoenix recorded an unprecedented nineteen consecutive days over 110 degrees. The previous record was set in 1973 (population 1,012,000). Today population is estimated at 1,640,000, an increase of over 50%.]
Italy Ruffled By German Health Minister’s Wild Claim: “Climate Change Destroying Southern Europe”
By P Gosselin, No Tricks Zone, July 21, 2023
“The heat crisis seems to be solely in Karl Lauterbach’s mind. Vahrenholt added that currently 15 million Germans are now headed to southern Europe for their summer holidays this year.
“Lauterbach is among them. Can 15 million Germans be wrong about that?”
Communicating Better to the Public – Protest
Climate Activists are Targeting Billionaire Toys
By Eric Worrall, WUWT, July 17, 2023
Questioning European Green
The cars are winning against the 15 Minute Cities in the UK
Build Back Worse suffers a set-back
By Jo Nova, Her Blog, July 21, 2023
Questioning Green Elsewhere
States Reconsider: The Folly of Fear-Driven Climate Policies
By Charles Rotter, WUWT, July 19, 2023
Non-Green Jobs
Germany — big and middle size companies leaving renewables paradise
By Jo Nova, Her Blog, July 18, 2023
“The cost of expensive electricity vandalizes the rest of the economy. The Green policy gamble may change Germany forever. The former economic powerhouse of Europe is coming undone — losing iconic parts to the US and Asia.
“BASF — the German historic giant founded in 1865, is the largest chemical producer in the world. In 1913 it bought the new Haber Bosch process that creates ammonia for fertilizer, and thus changed the world — making billions of lives possible. But now, BASF is shifting out of Germany — spending $10 billion on a new plant in China.
Funding Issues
Are Green Investments so Lame they need Special “Green Banks” to Succeed?
By Eric Worrall, WUWT, Jul 18, 2023
The Political Games Continue
Biden administration joins Manchin, GOP whip in backing pipeline at Supreme Court
By Zack Budryk, The Hill, July 21, 2023
Litigation Issues
Shell Knew? No (outlier climate prediction exaggerated)
By Robert Bradley Jr., Master Resource, July 19, 2023
Subsidies and Mandates Forever
EVs: A Pale Shade of Green
By Kite & Key Media, Accessed July 19, 2023
[SEPP Comment: Brief Video Summary on government subsidies for high income groups.]
The Great REGO Con
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 16, 2023
“In short, REGOs are simply bits of meaningless paper.
“Renewable generators often are not required to supply REGOs to their customers, which in many cases are their parent or sister companies, as they may have no need for them. So the renewable generators simply cash in by flogging them to the likes of SO Energy.
“Still, at least it makes the green virtue signalers who fall for this con feel better!”
EPA and other Regulators on the March
Joe Biden’s Tailpipe Rule: The WeWork of Regulations
By Mandy Gunasekara, Real Clear Energy, July 18, 2023
Link to: Mines, Minerals, and “Green” Energy: A Reality Check
By Mark Mills, Manhattan Institute, July 9, 2020
Energy Issues – Non-US
Big Blow to UK’s Green Dreams as Costs Skyrocket
By Charles Rotter, WUWT, July 21, 2023
UK offshore wind is dead in the water – as predicted
Press Release, Net Zero Watch, July 20, 2023
New homes could be blocked unless Ulez-style schemes are agreed first
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 19, 2023
“This is a clear example of bureaucratic overreach:”
[SEPP Comment: According to Transport for London: “To help clear up London’s air, the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, every day of the year, except Christmas Day (25 December). The zone currently covers all areas within the North and South Circular Roads. The North Circular (A406) and South Circular (A205) roads are not in the zone.”] https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/ultra-low-emission-zone
Energy Issues – Australia
Inflation be damned — Brown coal is still making electricity for 3c a Kilowatt hour
By Jo Nova, Her Blog, July 15, 2023
Energy Issues — US
American Energy Independence Is a National Security Priority
By Gentry Collins, Real Clear Energy, July 13, 2023
And Now, the Climate Gang Is Coming for Our Thermostats
By J. Kennerly Davis, Real Clear Energy, July 19, 2023
“To sell this normalization of power cuts, the companies have launched sophisticated media programs designed to convince customers that flick-of-the-switch power is an irresponsible indulgence that must be foregone, and demand ‘flexibility’ must be embraced, to save the planet from catastrophic climate change.”
Another Event To Attend In The New York Area
By Francis Menton, Manhattan Contrarian, July 21, 2023
“For those not up to speed on New York City policy — and even for those who are — ‘Local Law’ 97 is a New York City Council-passed statute that effectively requires all residential buildings in New York City of 25,000 square feet and above to upgrade their building envelope and also convert to electric heat by 2030, or else face massive fines. Allegedly, this is how we are going to ‘save the planet.’ Essentially all apartment buildings other than the very smallest are above the 25,000 square foot threshold. “
Washington’s Control of Energy
More Disclosure About “Climate Risk Disclosure”
By Webeditor, Government Accountability and Oversight, 2023
“FOIA Litigation reveals eye-opening breadth and depth of climate activist involvement with Biden Administration
“Coordination extends beyond SEC, to White House, EPA, others”
Oil and Natural Gas – the Future or the Past?
Estrella del Mar III, a Visionary Floating Power Plant, Is POWER’s Plant of the Year
By Sonal Patel, Power Mag, July 5, 2023
Alternative, Green (“Clean”) Solar and Wind
Renewables versus the grid at PJM
By David Wojick, CFACT, July 17, 2023
“In contrast, this glut of renewables is mostly located where the developer can find the land to build on. Neither need nor transmission is considered. In fact, since the land required is large, they tend to be located very far from urban load centers.”
The Spy problem with not-so-smart solar inverters
By Jo Nova, Her Blog, July 21, 2023
Will Wind Turbines Be Generating More Waste Than Electricity?
By Ronald Stein, The Heartland Institute, July 18, 2023
Alternative, Green (“Clean”) Energy — Other
Beyond the EV Hype: Embracing Ethanol as a Low-Carbon Fuel Alternative
By Cheri Bustos & Brian West, Real Clear Energy, July 16, 2023
Green Hydrogen, the New Laughing Gas
By Peter Smith, Quadrant, July 16, 2023
Is There A Future For White Hydrogen?–John Thorogood
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 15, 2023
Link to article: Feuding Over the Origins of Fossil Fuels
By Lisa M. Pinsker, GeoTimes, October 2005
http://www.geotimes.org/oct05/feature_abiogenicoil.html
From the GeoTimes article: “The so-called inorganic or abiogenic oil idea has been getting more attention lately, at a time when it seems that energy is on everyone’s mind. With oil more expensive than ever and many people citing future shortages, understanding the origins of petroleum is increasingly relevant.
“For the first time ever in North America, proponents of the inorganic origins hypothesis, largely from Russia and the Ukraine, had a major forum for their ideas at a meeting held in June in Calgary, Alberta — a city that has built its wealth on the vast petroleum deposits found in the Canadian province. Held in association with the annual meeting of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists — a group of people whose livelihood depends on understanding how and where oil and gas form — this was no ordinary forum.”
From Thorogood: “I’ve spent the last week working at the vast Wilton chemical complex and it caused me to reflect just how much of everything we do or use (beyond mere hydrocarbon-based fuels) depends on vast volumes of oil and gas. When hydrocarbon production ceases, today’s civilisation comes to a full stop. But then that’s what Pol Pot tried in Cambodia back in the 1970s and see where that ended up.”
Alternative, Green (“Clean”) Vehicles
Electric Vehicles for Everyone? The Impossible Dream
By Mark P. Mills, Manhattan Institute, July 12, 2023
“Ultimately, if implemented, bans on conventionally powered vehicles will lead to draconian impediments to affordable and convenient driving and a massive misallocation of capital in the world’s $4 trillion automotive industry.”
Lithium-Ion Battery Fires Abound in New York City
By Staff, Institute for Energy Research (IER), July 14, 2023 [H/t Paul Homewood]
“So far this year, there have been 108 lithium-ion battery fires in New York City, which have injured 66 people and killed 13, up from 98 fires that had injured 40 and killed two at this time last year. The most recent was a fire at an e-bike shop that killed four people near midnight on the morning of June 21 and left two individuals in critical condition and one firefighter with minor injuries.”
Electric car MOT tyre failure is 40 per cent higher than for petrol vehicles
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, July 19, 2023
[SEPP Comment: At annual inspections, MOT is UK Ministry of Transport.]
Other News that May Be of Interest
London’s new ‘super sewer’ to end Thames pollution blight
By Helen Rowe, London (AFP) July 16, 2023
BELOW THE BOTTOM LINE
Yes, Virginia, there is a Climate Crisis
By Roy Spencer, His Blog, July 17, 2023
“Alas! How dreary would be the world if there were no Climate Crisis! … There would be no special favors, no bird-chopping windmills, no Teslas to give wealthy people a reason to exist!”
This time we fix Earth for real
By John Robson, Climate Discussion Nexus, July 19, 2023
“The idea of getting rid of Mr. Sun really does continue to attract attention. Scientific American, or rather its farm team E&E News, just announced ‘Supercomputer Will Help Decide whether to Block the Sun’. “
A hot time under the old town
By John Robson, Climate Discussion Nexus, July 19, 2023
“’ He combined three years of readings from these sensors with a detailed computer model of the district’s basements, tunnels, and other structures to simulate how the ground at different depths has warmed between 1951 and now, and how it will warm from now through 2051.’ [For Chicago, Boldface added]
When Everything is Climate Change, Nothing is Climate Change
By Charles Rotter, WUWT, July 18, 2023
See link immediately above.
LA Times Wants To Turn The Lights Off
By Tony Heller, His Blog, July 20, 2023
Link to article: Would an occasional blackout help solve climate change?
By Sammy Roth, LA Times, July 20, 2023
Boldface in article: “It’s a highly technical dispute. But it’s part of a larger conversation about how much blackout risk we consider acceptable in modern society — and whether our expectations should evolve in the name of preventing climate catastrophe.”
Of Turkeys and Terrestrial Temperatures: A Tale of Climate Science Oddities
By Charles Rotter, WUWT, July 16, 2023
Link to paper: Minimal shift of eastern wild turkey nesting phenology associated with projected climate change
By Wesley W. Boone, et al. Climate Change Ecology, November 2023
ARTICLES
No articles this week.
via Watts Up With That?
July 24, 2023 at 04:48AM
Iowa Climate Science Education 